US History 3 - Critical Period to Washington Flashcards

221519899	Confederation	a joining of several groups for a common purpose	0
221519900	Federalism	a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments	1
221519901	Articles of Confederation	Powers: 1. Raise an army, navy, declare war 2. Borrow, spend, and issue money 3. NOT LEVY TAXES 4. NOT REGULATE TRADE 5. All powers not given to the central gov't, were reserved for the states Weakness: i. To approve any new law, needed a 2/3 vote of Congress. Today it is 51% ii. To amend the Articles, all 13 states had to agree. Today it is ¾ of the states have to approve. iii. No single executive (i.e, no president) iv. No court system v. No power to levy import or export taxes (i.e., no power to regulate foreign trade) vi. No power to regulate internal trade or to tax Resulting Problems: i. States will tax each other's good thus slow trade ii. Government war debt will go unpaid iii. Export trade will decline iv. No national currency v. Inflation & depression will ravage the new nation- no gov't control vi. Frontiersmen will want protection from the Indians in the Old Northwest & Old Southwest; & will want the British to get out of the Old Northwest forts vii. No more guaranteed British market for American goods viii. American manufactures will lose business to cheap British goods- textile, cloth, Britain is head in Industrial	2
221519902	Critical Period	1781- 1789 hostile countries that have land North, South and West a. Articles created a weak central gov't- lead to problems	3
221519903	Accomplishments of the Confederation Congress	a. Treaty of Paris 1783 b. A Northwest Ordinance of 1785 c. Northwest Ordinance of 1787	4
221519904	Northwest (land) Ordinance of 1785	NW boarders- south= Ohio river, west= Mississippi river, north= Great lakes i. Background- western land problems- Eastern states had to give up their claims to western land ii. NW Ordinance of 1785 (Land Ordinance of 1785) 1. NW lands divided into 3- 5 territories- that would become states 2. Each territory divided into townships, 6 miles by 6 miles 3. Each township divided into 36 sections, each section would be one mile by one mile (or 640 acres)- use land to pay off war debt. 4. One section reserved for support of a public school 5. Minimum purchase: 640 (1 section) @ 1.00 per acre iii. Results- source of money for government, encourages western settlement	5
221519905	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	i. NW territory would be divided ii. Each territory would go through 3 stages of government 1. 1st stage: appointed governor, secretary & 3 judges 2. 2nd stage: when the territorial population reached 5, 000 voters, the territory could elect a territorial legislature & send a nonvoting delegate to congress 3. 3rd stage: when the territorial population reached 60, 000 voters, then the territory could apply for admission as a state - guarantees: no slavery, freedom of religion, rights - precedent: set the precedent for how to organize all future territory and states	6
221519906	Foreign Relations Problems - Critical Period- Britian	a. British in Old Northwest forts- we had not given loyalist back their land, pay back British	7
222162716	Foreign Relations Problems - Critical Period- Spain	b. Spanish in the Old Southwest i. Threatened to restrict American use of the lower Mississippi River (and/or withdraw American right of deposit, right to leave them without a fea, at New Orleans)- did not want pay tax for leaving goods ii. Disputed boundary betw/ Sp. FL & the U.S.- west of GA iii. Would not/ could not stop Indiands in Fl from attacking the U.S.	8
221519907	Shay's Rebellion	1786-87, Massachusetts a. Background- economic problems, 1780s: high taxes during a period of depression & deflation b. Daniel Shays & about 1, 200 Massachusetts men try to seize courts- rebel against taxes c. Result: points to the need for a much stronger central government & the need to revise the Articles of Confederation	9
221519908	Constitutional Convention causes:	a. Growing radicalism (e.g., Shay's Rebellion) convinced many that Articles of Confederation needed to be changed b. 1785, Virginia & Maryland met at Mt, Vernon to discuss commerce- the polyatomic river c. Delegates at Mt. Vernon asked all the states to meet at Annapolis to discuss intersate commerce, 1786 only 5 states show uo d. Annapolis delegates asked Confedration Congress to ask all states to go to Philadelphia, 1787, to AMEND the Articles of Confederation II. The Constitutional Convetion 1787, Philidelphia Convention a. 55 delegates from 12 states (R.I. not present) met in Philadelphia, May to Sept., 1787 b. 2 quick decisions: (1) will write a whole new constituion (2) will meet secretly	10
222162717	Constituional Convention Great Compromise:	i. Problem: representation in the new Congress- Virgina (Large State) Plan, put forth by Edmund Randolph: state rep. in new Congress should be based on state's pop.- New Jersey( Small State) Plan, put forth by William Patterson: state rep. in new Congress should be equal ii. Compromise (Great Compromise), put forth by Rodger Sherman of Connecticut: new congress will have a two house leg,: one house (senate) will have equal rep. From each state; in other house (House of Rep.), each state's rep. will be based on the state's pop.	11
222162718	Constituional Convention Three- Fifths Compromise:	i. Problem: should slaves be added to a state's pop. In figuring rep. to congress and on figuring amount of fed. Taxes a state must pay to fed Gov't ii. Compromise: Congress would add 3/5 of each state's slaves to its white pop. In figuring both rep. & taxes	12
222162719	Constitutional Convention delegates:	i. George Washington- VA, presiding officer ii. Alexander Hamilton- NY, conservative, money iii. James Madison- VA, keeps a journal iv. Ben Franklin- PA, referee	13
222162720	Constituional Convention Commerce Compromise	i. Problem: should Congress have the power to regulate foreign trade w/ import tariffs? w/ export tariffs? To regulate interstate trade? - South wants no tariffs; south afraid taxes on imports will cause Europe not buy south's tobacco, rice, etc. - North wants tarrifs ii. Compromise: Congress will have the power to regulate foreign trade w/ only import tariffs (revenue tariff); Congress can also regulate interstate trade	14
222162721	Constituional Convention Slave Trade Compromise	1. Problem: south feared that Congress might restrict the international slave trade 2. Compromise: Congress could not prohibit or restrict the international slave trade for 20 years( until 1808)	15
221519909	Ratification of the Constituion process:	When 9 out of 13 states, in special state ratifying conventions had approved - Delaware ratified first by Dec. 1787, 8 more by June 1788 - New York and VA delay, Washington convinces - NC& RI- last 2 - Washington is elected president, John Adams VP	16
222162722	Federalists	Those who support the Constitution	17
222162723	Anti- Federalists	Those who oppose the Constitution	18
222162724	objections to the Constitution	A. No Bill of Rights; Federalists promise the Anti- federalist they will add one later B. too much power given to the federal gov't, at the cost of the states c. Cons't allowed import tariffs that could help one section (north) at the expense of the south d. Cons't allowed the states to define suffrage; states could keep certain groups of people from voting	19
222162726	north vs. south disputes over constitution	Over Slavery, Tariffs South wanted slavery and no tariffs North wanted no slaves and tarriffs	20
222162727	Federalist Papers	series of 85 essays in support of the Cons't written by Alexander Hamiliton, James Madison, John Jay- argumetns to support the Constitution	21
221519910	Federalist Era	Washington, Adams, Hamilton: will also control the house and senate	22
221519911	Congress's Achievements:	1. passed Judiciary Act, 1789; this set up the federal courts & set the number of supreme court justices at 6 (John Jay 1st) 2. sent bill of rights 1791 3. passed a small revenue tariff on imports (about 5%) 4. set the president salary at 25,000	23
221519912	Importance of Washington's Administration	-precedents set (everything Washington did as President sets as a example) -reasserts federal authority (stops Farmers revolt) -gets nation on sound financial footing (after Rev War US was in debt)	24
221519913	Washington's First Cabinet	Congress created 3 executive departments (State, Treasury, War) - Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State - Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury - Henry Knox, Secretary of War - Edmund Randolph, Attorney General	25
221519914	Hamilton's Financial Program	-U.S. financial problems, 1789 - 80 Million debt ( 56 mill Fed, 24 mill. States) -refunding (repayment) of federal bonds -Assumption Bill= Fed gov't will assume debts of state -Bank of the United States= safe place to deposit gov't money, - provide a sound, uniform, currency", source of capital for loans to fund business, says necessary and proper clause( elastic clause, implied powers in the Cons't -protective tarrif= wanted 40% to help protect American industry from European competition, gets 5% -excise tax= 8 cents a gallon on whiskey- Hamilton wants to raise revenue and teach farmers to respect the US Government -encouragement of industry= wants fed money to help industry get started, wants a protective tariff on imported goods	26
221519915	Whiskey Rebellion, 1794	A. Western farmers; some of them converted their grain and corn into whiskey because is was easier to transport east over the App Mount. B. Hamilton's 8 cent a gallon tax on whiskey hurt these small farmers; it also seemed to be a tax to enrich easterners C. Summer of 1794, western PA, some farmers rose in revolt= beat up tax collectors D. President Washington called 15,000 militia from VA, Mary., PA, and NJ to put down rebellion E. Washington clearly demonstrated the strength of the federal gov't	27
221519916	Political Party	A group of people with similar ideas who come together to control the gov't to advance their ideas	28
221519917	Two Party System	where 2 main parties dominate gov't at all levels and Win most of the elections	29
221519918	Origins of our two Parties	struggle between Hamilton & Jefferson in Washington's cabinet in the 1790s Republican party traced back to the Federalists (Hamilton) Democratic Party can be traced back to the Democratic- Republicans (Jefferson)	30
221519919	Alexander Hamilton	-Federalist- future Republican's -background: born in West Indies, went to Kings College, fought in war, appointed Treasury Secretary by Washington -beliefs: in an industrial US led by aristocrats, the elite -interpretation of the Constitution: loosely, necessary and proper clause to create strong central gov't -attitude toward Britain and France: Britain -theory of government: a powerful central government, that could encourage industry -people who supported him: merchants, manufactures, bankers, other wealthy	31
221519920	Thomas Jefferson	- Democratic-Republican (or Republican, 1790's) -background; born in VA, wealthy, appointed secretary of state by Washington -beliefs: self- governing states -interpretation of the Constitution: strictly -attitude toward Britain and France: supported France -theory of Government: believed in self- governing states; average people should control gov't -people who supported him: Madison, Monroe, farmers, city workers	32
222162728	Election of Washington and Adams	New Congress met April 1789 to discuss president inaugurate April 30, 1789	33