Chapter 6: The First Global Civilizations (The Rise and Spread of Islam) Flashcards

1675071755	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	0
1675071756	shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives and many children	1
1675071757	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammed; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam	2
1675071758	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750	3
1675071759	Quraysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th Century CE	4
1675071760	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	5
1675071761	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to beduins; beca refuge for Muhammed following flight from Mecca	6
1675071762	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 ce and thereafter, died in 632	7
1675071763	Khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader	8
1675071764	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammed; holy book of Islam	9
1675071765	Ali	Cousin and son in law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	10
1675071766	umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity.	11
1675071767	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	12
1675071768	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	13
1675071769	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	14
1675071770	hajj	A Muslims pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	15
1675071771	caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammed	16
1675071772	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammed's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community	17
1675071773	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	18
1675071774	jihad	Struggle, often used for wars in defense of faith	19
1675071775	Copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule	20
1675071776	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions	21
1675071777	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and Umayyad clan.	22
1675071778	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	23
1675071779	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	24
1675071780	Sunis	Political and theological devision within Islam; supported the Umayyads	25
1675071781	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	26
1675071782	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate.	27
1675071783	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	28
1675071784	mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	29
1675071785	jizya	Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories	30
1675071786	dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	31
1675071787	hadiths	Traditions of the prophet	32
1675071788	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE.	33
1675071789	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital.	34
1675071790	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	35
1675071791	wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	36
1675071792	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	37
1675071793	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	38