Biology semester 2-FINAL Flashcards

68772505	Genetic Engineering	the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism	0
68772506	Bacterial Transformation	ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by uptaking foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own	1
68772507	Restriction Enzyme	enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides	2
68772508	Recombinant DNA	genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms	3
68772509	Transgenic organism	organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism	4
68772510	Plasmid	a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication	5
68772511	Meiosis	(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	6
68772512	Mitosis	cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes	7
68772513	Photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches	8
68772514	Cell Respiration	the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules	9
68772515	Framshift	point, insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs	10
68772516	Mutagen	physical or chemical agent that causes mutations	11
68772517	Natural Selection	a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment	12
68772518	Adaptations	the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments	13
68772519	Phylogenetic Trees	a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms	14
68772520	Taxonomy	practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships (classifications of animals, know all 7 types)	15
70311616	biology	the study of life	16
70311617	Organic Molecule	A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous	17
70311618	Acidity	pH values below 7	18
70311619	pH	(chemistry) p(otential of) H(ydrogen). measures the acidity of substances	19
70311620	population	the act of populating (causing to live in a place)	20
70311621	catalyze	change by catalysis or cause to catalyze	21
70311622	enzymes	proteins that act as biological catalysts	22
70311623	fatty acids	simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells	23
70311624	hormones	chemical "messengers" of the endocrine system that are released into the blood	24
70311625	monosaccharides	single sugar molecules	25
70311626	reactants	the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction	26
70311627	products	the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction	27
70311628	biochemical pathway	a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction	28
70311629	lysosomes	An organelle containing digestive enzymes	29
70311630	bond	a connection that fastens things together	30
70311631	distilled water	water that has been purified by distillation	31
70311632	active transport	transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient	32
70311633	osmosis	diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal	33
70311634	cell membrane	a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell	34
70311635	metabolism	the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life	35
70311636	nutrition	a source of materials to nourish the body	36
70311637	synthesis	the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)	37
70311638	ATP	a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue	38
70311639	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics	39
70311640	ribosomes	the organelle that make proteins in cells	40
70311641	combustion	a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light	41
70311642	Aerobic respiration	cellular respiration that uses oxygen, sequentially releasing energy and storing it in ATP	42
70311643	Fermentation	a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances	43
70311644	pyruvate	Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.	44
70311645	oxidative respiration	series of chemical reactions that occur in mitochondria, and the process by which cells get most of their energy	45
70311646	glycolysis	a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP	46
70311647	glucose	a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms	47
70311648	chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	48
70311649	chlorophyll	green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis	49
70311650	lactic acid	waste product produced by Fermentation; causes muscles to be sore	50
70311651	anaerobic respiration	Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.	51
70311652	Eukaryotes	cells that contain nuclei	52
70311653	Krebs cycle	second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	53
70311654	Prokaryotes	cells that do not contain nuclei	54
70311655	Sensory neuron	a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord	55
70311656	motor neuron	a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord	56
70311657	stimuli	information in the environment that activates the nerves in a sense organ	57
70311658	Central Nervous System	the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord	58
70311659	Digestion	the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body	59
70311660	Prophase	the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes	60
70311661	Metaphase	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	61
70311662	Telophase	the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle	62
70311663	Chromatids	two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material	63
70311664	Centromere	a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape	64
70311665	Chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	65
70311666	centriole	one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope	66
70311667	Gonads	reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries	67
70311668	testes	The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones.	68
70311669	ovaries	female gonads	69
70311670	gametes	sex cells or reproductive cells	70
70311671	zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	71
70311672	egg	animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes	72
70311673	sperm	the male reproductive cell	73
70311674	trisomy	chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell	74
70311675	segregation	(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes	75
70311676	Polar Body	a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded	76
70311677	dominant	trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present	77
70311678	Allele	one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits	78
70311679	X chromosome	the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females	79
70311680	Y chromosome	the sex chromosome that is carried by men	80
70311681	Recessive	The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.	81
70311682	hemoglobin	a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color	82
70311683	Prophase I	Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.	83
70311684	metaphase I	The second phase of meiosis I. During metaphase I the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).	84
70311685	Metaphase II	the chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis	85
70311686	Anaphase I	The third phase of meiosis I. During anaphase I the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.	86
70311687	Telophase I	2 cells form, each cell is a haploid but each chromosome is in replicated form	87
70311688	Prophase II	The first phase of meiosis II. Prophase II is identical to mitotic prophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	88
70311689	Anaphase II	the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell	89
70311690	Telophase II	The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. Telophase II is identical to mitotic telophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.	90
70311691	Homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis	91
70311692	sister chromatids	identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase	92
70311693	cancer	any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division	93
70311694	protein	any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells	94
70311695	RNA	ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis	95
70311696	double helix	a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis	96
70311697	ribose	a five-carbon sugar present in RNA	97
70311698	amino acid	basic building blocks of protein molecules	98
70311699	uracil	a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine	99
70311700	nitrogen base	A basic compound that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine	100
70311701	replication	the act of making copies	101
70311702	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	102
70311703	transcription	(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	103
70311704	translation	(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm	104
70311705	adenine	The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA	105
70311706	thymine	a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine	106
70311707	cytosine	a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine	107
70311708	guanine	The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA	108
70311709	tRNA	transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome	109
70311710	mRNA	messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome	110
70311711	rRNA	ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome	111
70311712	protein synthesis	the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA	112
70311713	fertilization	process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell	113
70311714	independent assortment	the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes	114
70311715	phenotype	what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype	115
70311716	genotype	genetic makeup of an organism	116
70311717	deoxyribose	a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids	117
70311718	gene	(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain	118
70311719	homozygeous	has two identical alleles for a trait (dominant-dominant; recessive-recessive)	119
70311720	heterozygeous	an organism tht has 2 diff allele for a trait (dominant-recessive)	120
70311721	codominant	A heterozygote in which both alleles are fully expressed	121
70311722	progeny	the immediate descendants of a person	122
70311723	punnet squares	Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross	123
70311724	pedigree	a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family	124
70311725	autosomal	all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked.	125
70311726	embryo	an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life	126
70311727	geographic isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water	127
70311728	interbreeding	reproduction by parents of different species	128
70311729	gene pool	combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population	129
70311730	punctuated equilibrium	a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change	130
70311731	variations	any difference between individuals of the same species	131
70311732	convergence	the occurrence of two or more things coming together (when species look identical but in reality do not have the same traits)	132
70311733	adaptation	when species physically change overtime due to their environment	133
70311734	fossils	the perserved trace, imprint, or remains of a plant or animal	134
70311735	comparative anatomy	The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species	135
70311736	niche	(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)	136
70311737	virus	an extremely small organism which causes disease in humans, animals and plants	137
70311738	secondary consumer	An organism that eats primary consumers	138
70311739	primary consumers	animals that feed on producers; ex. herbivores	139
70311740	organelles	small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs	140
70311741	spindle fibers	help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules	141
70311742	kingdom	one of seven biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia	142
70311743	phylum	major classification, second to kingdom, of plants and animals; category ranking below a kingdom and above a class; division	143
70311744	class	(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders	144
70311745	Order	second to class ranking in the taxonomic system	145
70311746	family	(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera	146
70311747	genus	a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms	147
70311748	species	(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed	148
70311749	bryophytes	A nonvascular plant that lives on the land; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts	149
70311750	pterophytes	Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns	150
70311751	gymnosperms	woody plants that produce seeds, but their seeds are not enclosed in fruits	151
70311752	angiosperms	flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit	152
70311753	intestine	the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus	153
70311754	pharynx	the passage to the stomach and lungs	154
70311755	esophagus	the passage between the pharynx and the stomach	155
70311756	mouth	the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge	156
70311757	gizzard	thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food	157
70311758	crop	a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food	158
70311759	autotroph	plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances	159
70311760	heterotroph	an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition	160
70311761	phylogeny	(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms	161
70311762	fungi	the taxonomic kingdom of lower plants	162
70311763	amphibians	vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded	163
70311764	arthropods	invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages	164
70311765	aves	birds	165
70311766	mammals	vertebrates that live on land, fur or hair covers body, live birth, warm blooded	166
70311767	decomposition	(biology) decaying caused by bacterial or fungal action	167
70311768	coelom	fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm	168