Ch. 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Flashcards

931994750	Seed plants originated about ____ years ago	360 million	1
931994751	A seed consists of an ______ and ______ surrounded by a protective coat.	Embryo; nutrients	2
931994752	The following are common to all seed plants:	-reduced gametophytes -heterospory -ovules -pollen	3
931994753	What are the advantages of reduced gametophytes?	The gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte -nourished and protected	4
931994754	The ancestors of seed plants were likely _______, while seed plants are ________.	homosporous;heterosporous	5
931994755	Megasporangia	produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes	6
931994756	Microsporangia	produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes	7
931994757	An ovule consist of:	a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments	8
931994758	Gymnosperm megaspores have __ integument.	1	9
931994759	Angiosperm megaspores usually have __ integuments.	2	10
931994760	Microspores develop into ______, which contain the male gametophytes	pollen grains	11
931994761	Pollination:	the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules -pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals	12
931994762	If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ______.	ovule	13
931994763	A seed is a __________, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat	sporophyte embryo	14
931994764	A seed develops from the ________.	whole ovule	15
931994765	Evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores:	-they may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination -seeds have a supply of stored food -they may be transported long distances by wind or animals	16
931994766	Gymnosperms means:	"naked seeds"	17
931994767	Gymnosperms seeds are exposed on ______ that form cones	sporophylls	18
931994768	Angiosperm seeds are found in _______.	fruits	19
931994769	Fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian period some plants, called _________, had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants	progymnosperms	20
931994770	Living seed plants can be divided into two clades:	gymnosperms and angiosperms	21
931994772	__________ appear early in the fossil record about 305 million years ago and dominated Mesozoic (251-65 Mya) terrestrial ecosystems	Gymnosperms	22
931994773	________ were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier (and cooler) conditions	Gymnosperms	23
931994775	______ began to replace gymnosperms near the end of the Mesozoic	Angiosperms	24
931994777	Conifers:	cone-bearing gymnosperms	25
931994779	Four phyla of gymnosperms:	-Cycadophyta (cycads) -Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba) -Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia) -Coniferophyta (conifers: pine, fir, redwood, etc.)	26
931994780	Phylum Cycadophyta	Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves These thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today	27
931994782	Phylum Ginkgophyta	This phylum consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree	28
931994784	Phylum Gnetophyta	This phylum comprises three genera -Species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts	29
931994786	Phylum Coniferophyta	This phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla -Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round	30
931994787	Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:	-dominance of the sporophyte generation -development of seeds from fertilized ovules -the transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen	31
931994788	The pine tree is the sporophyte and produces ______ in male and female cones	sporangia	32
931994790	Small cones:	produce microspores called pollen grains, each of which contains a male gametophyte	33
931994792	Larger cones:	contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes	34
931994794	How many years is it from cone production to mature seed?	3	35
931994796	The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include ______ and _____.	flowers;fruits	36
931994798	What are the most widespread and diverse of all plants?	Angiosperms	37
931994800	Anthophyta:	phylum of angiosperms	38
931994802	Flower:	an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction	39
931994803	Four types of modified leaves on a flower	-sepals -petals -stamens -carpels	40
931994804	Sepals:	enclose the flower	41
931994805	Petals:	brightly colored; attract pollinators	42
931994806	Stamens:	produce pollen -consists of a stalk called the filament with a sac called an anther	43
931994807	Carpels:	produce ovules -has ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma	44
931994808	Anther:	Where pollen is produced on the filament	45
931994809	Stigma:	where pollen is received	46
931994810	A fruit consists of a _________.	mature ovary	47
931994811	Mature fruits can be either _____ or ______.	fleshy; dry	48
931994812	In the flower male gametophytes are contained within:	within pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers	49
931994813	Embryo sac:	develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma	50
931994814	A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte ______________.	grows down to the ovary	51
931994815	Micropyle:	pore in which the ovule is entered	52
931994816	Double fertilization occurs when:	the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule -One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm	53
931994817	Triploid endosperm	nourishes the developing embryo	54
931994818	Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called _____.	cotyledons	55
931994819	Angiosperms originated at least ___ million years ago	140	56
931994820	Angiosperms may be closely related to ________, extinct seed plants with flowerlike structures	Bennettitales	57
931994821	Angiosperms were divided into two main groups	-monocot -dicot	58
931994822	monocot:	one cotyledon -veins usually parallel -vascular tissue scattered -root system usually fibrous -pollen grain with 1 opening -floral organs usually in multiples of three	59
931994823	dicot:	two cotyledons	60
931994824	DNA studies suggest that monocots form a clade, but dicots are __________.	polyphyletic	61
931994825	Polyphyletic:	group with no common ancestor	62
931994826	The clade _______ ("true" dicots) includes most dicots	eudicot	63
931994827	basal angiosperms	-dicot lineage -are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages	64
931994828	magnoliids	-dicot lineage -share some traits with basal angiosperms but evolved later	65
931994829	Three lineages that constitute the basal angiosperms:	Amborella trichopoda, water lilies, and star anise	66
931994830	Three lineages that constitute the magnollids:	magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants	67
931994831	More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are ________.	monocots	68
931994832	More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are ________.	eudicots	69
931994833	Eudicot:	Two cotyledons -veins usually netlike -vascular issue usually arranged in a ring -taproot usually present -pollen grain with 3 openings -floral organs usually in multiples of four or five	70
931994834	Animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa; for example:	-animal herbivory selects for plant defenses -interactions between pollinators and flowering plants select for mutually beneficial adaptations	71
931994835	Clades with _______ symmetrical flowers have more species than those with ______ symmetrical flowers.	bilaterally; radially -likely because bilateral symmetry affects the movement of pollinators and reduces gene flow in diverging populations	72
931994836	Five Derived Traits of Seed Plants	-Reduced gametophytes -Heterospory -Ovules -Pollen -Seeds	73
932054243	What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?	Megaspore or microspores	74
932054244	Which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte?	A male gametophyte within a pollen grain.	75
932054245	Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperm	Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus	76
932054246	In which of the following pairs do the structures play comparable roles in the plant and animal life cycles?	A plant sporophyte and an adult animal	77
932054247	In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.	archegonia ... egg	78
932054248	In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.	immature sporophyte	79
932054249	In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.	micropyle	80
932054250	Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?	It functions as a haploid food reserve.	81
932054251	Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).	one	82
932054252	In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.	haploid; meiosis	83
932054253	Which of these is unique to flowering plants?	double fertilization	84
932054254	The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____.	pollen grains	85
932054255	In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.	seed coat	86
932054256	A carpel is composed of _____.	stigma, style, and ovary	87
932054257	In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei	eight haploid	88
932054258	A stamen consists of _____.	anther and filament	89
932054259	In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species.	stigma	90
932054260	Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?	within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower	91
932054261	A fruit is most commonly	a mature ovary	92
932054262	With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?	megaspore-2n	93
932054263	Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?	alternation of generations	94
932054264	Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except	ovaries.	95
932054265	When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____.	diploid sporophyte	96
932054266	All seed plants _____.	are heterosporous	97
932054267	The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.	pollen	98
932054268	Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____.	Mesozoic	99
932054269	In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ .	female gametophytes	100
932054270	In pine, the embryo develops within the _____.	female gametophyte	101
932054271	The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____.	presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule	102
932054272	Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.	flowers	103
932054273	Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower?	petals	104
932054274	Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____.	angiosperms	105