AP Biology Ch.6 Flashcards

McAuley AP Biology ch. 6

1116327130	lungs	In humans, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the atmosphere via the _____.	1
1116327131	carbon dioxide	In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.	2
1116327132	extract usable energy from glucose	The function of cellular respiration is to _____.	3
1116327133	420 kcal	How many kilocalories are captured in ATP from 1.5 moles of glucose?	4
1116327134	nucleotides	The principal molecules involved in transporting electrons to the electron transport chain are composed of _____.	5
1116327135	loses an electron	A molecule is oxidized when it _____.	6
1116327136	Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step	Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?	7
1116327137	plasma membrane	Bacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles. However, some still generate ATP through cellular respiration. Where is the electron transport chain found in these organisms?	8
1116327138	in the cytoplasmic fluid	Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?	9
1116327139	the mitochondrion	Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?	10
1116327140	cytoplasm	Where in bacterial cells does the citric acid cycle occur?	11
1116327141	glycolysis	Of the metabolic pathways listed below, the only pathway found in almost all organisms is _____.	12
1116327142	by the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP (substrate-level phosphorylation)	A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis _____.	13
1116327143	human cells also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them	A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to treat people with bacterial infections. However, he can't do this because _____.	14
1116327144	glycolysis	What is the name of the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate?	15
1116327145	A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment	In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs?	16
1116327146	CO2 and NADH are formed	When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, _____.	17
1116327147	reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain	In eukaryotes, most of the high-energy electrons released from glucose by cell respiration _____.	18
1116327148	the citric acid cycle	Most of the NADH that delivers high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain comes from _____.	19
1116327149	Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate that is restored at the end of the cycle.	Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?	20
1116327150	2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2	The energy production per glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle is _____.	21
1116327151	formation of NADH and FADH2	The major (but not sole) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle is the _____.	22
1116327152	NADH	Once the citric acid cycle has been completed, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.	23
1116327153	FAD	Which of the following serves primarily as a hydrogen-atom carrier molecule in cells?	24
1116327154	It pumps H+ through a membrane.	What happens to the energy that is given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain?	25
1116327155	the flow of H+ through a membrane	The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from _____.	26
1116327156	due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane	What is the mechanism of action for the enzyme ATP synthase? ATP is formed _____.	27
1116327157	A proton gradient is formed	In cellular respiration, which of the following is performed directly by the electron transport chain (or its components)?	28
1116327158	the movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane	The enzyme ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. In eukaryotic cells, the energy needed for this endergonic reaction is derived from _____.	29
1116327159	electrons	Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria?	30
1116327160	cristae of the mitochondrion	In a eukaryotic cell, the electron transport chain is precisely located in or on the _____.	31
1116327161	they run out of NAD+ and FAD	Rotenone is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. When it does so, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle eventually halt as well. This is because _____.	32
1116327162	blocks the transfer of electrons to the final electron acceptor	Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas because it directly _____.	33
1116327163	chemiosmosis	Where does most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from?	34
1116327164	the electron transport chain	Which of the following directly requires molecular oxygen (O2)?	35
1116327165	at the end of electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O	During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used _____.	36
1116327166	We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements	Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2?	37
1116327167	converted to heat	A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 38% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. The rest of the energy from glucose is _____.	38
1116327168	40%	The overall efficiency of respiration is approximately _____.	39
1116327169	4 ATP	Substrate-level phosphorylation directly generates ATP during a chemical reaction. As a single molecule of glucose is completely oxidized, in the presence of oxygen, how many molecules of ATP are gained by substratelevel phosphorylation?	40
1116327170	lactic acid	Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles begin to function anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____.	41
1116327171	2 ATP	Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and toxic gas. Theoretically, if you were breathing carbon monoxide, how many ATP molecules could you produce from one glucose molecule?	42
1116327172	NAD+	In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?	43
1116327173	regenerate (oxidized) NAD+	Muscle tissues make lactic acid from pyruvate so that you can _____.	44
1116327174	amino groups	Besides sugars and fats, organisms can use other molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. When protein molecules are used, _____ are produced as waste.	45
1116327175	twice	A gram of fat oxidized by cellular respiration produces approximately _____ as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate.	46
1116327176	glyceraldeyhyde-3-phosphate	During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate, _____, can be siphoned off and used to synthesize fats.	47
1116327177	citrate	When growing in a nutrient-rich environment, bacteria can use the provided amino acids to synthesize their proteins. However, should the environment change, they can synthesize their amino acids using _____.	48