Campbell Biology 10th Edition: Ch. 13 Flashcards

1777401177	Genes	Hereditary units, program our genetic traits	0
1777401178	DNA	Language of genes	1
1777401179	Gametes	Reproductive cells are the vesicles from one generation to the next	2
1777401180	Locus	The genes place on each chromosome	3
1777401181	Asexual Reprodution	Results in the exact copies of themselves, sole parent passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes(sex cells)	4
1777401182	Sexual Reproduction	Give rise to offspring that have unique combination of genes from two parents; not exact replicas like asexual	5
1777401183	Homologous Chromosomes	Both arms of each chromosome containing the genes controlling the same trait	6
1777401184	23	# of chromosomes in a set	7
1777401185	Haploid Cells	Has a single set of chromosomes	8
1777401186	Meiosis	Divides the number of chromosomes in half ending with four haploid chromatids	9
1777401187	Stages of Meiosis	1. Single pairs of homologs in a diploid cell 2. Both members of the pair are duplicated creating sister chromatids 3. The copies are sorted into four haploid daughter cells	10
1777401188	Sister Chromatid Cohesion	Sister chromatids closely associated all along their lengths	11
1777401189	Homologs and their sister chromatid make up	one duplicated chromosome	12
1777401190	Cell death occurs through either	Necrosis or Apolosis	13
1777401191	Necrosis	Cell death through O2 depletion or damage to the cell	14
1777401192	Apolosis	DNA breakdown; wearing down of telomere until it can not replicate anymore resulting in cell death	15
1777401193	How many times a somatic cell can divide before DNA degradation occurs	20	16
1777401194	Synapsis	pairing of chromosomes	17
1777401195	Chiasma	The spot where the sister pairs of homologs cross over	18
1777401196	Crossing over	Creates more variation, exchange of DNA between homologs; where genetic material from mom and dad mix and become part of the others chromosome	19
1777401197	Tetrad	A homologous pair; two whole replicated chromosomes	20
1777401198	Interkinesis	At the end of telophase one, where the cell relaxes before it enters prophase two	21
1777401199	Three types of sexual cycles	1. Haplontic 2. Diplontic 3. Alternation of generation	22
1777401200	Haplonic	For most of its life it is halpoid and a small portion it is diploid	23
1777401201	Diplontic	For most of its life it is diploid and a small portion it is haploid	24
1777401202	Alternation of Generation	Only in plants; half of its life it is spent haploid the other half diploid	25
1777401203	Euploidy series	Organism has the amount of chromosomes it needs; has its full compliment	26
1777401204	Aneuploidy series	There is a mutation during meiosis where the chromosomes do not separate correctly and take the wrong number of chromosomes to poles	27
1777401205	Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from	diploid to haploid	28
1777401206	Generates genetic variation	Random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes during meiosis	29
1777401207	Homologous	One maternal and one paternal chromosome situated at metaphase plate	30
1777401208	Independent assortment	After the first meiotic division results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells that are independent	31
1777401209	Karyotype	Depectin (picture) of the chromosomes	32
1777401210	Y chromosome and X chromosome	can not cross over	33
1777401211	Two members of homologous pairs	associated loosely along their length (prophase 1)	34
1777401212	At least one cross over per chromosome must occur in order for	the homologous pair to stay together as it moves to metaphase 1 plate	35
1777401213	differ genetically	Meiosis produces cells that	36
1777401214	Three events unique to meiosis that occur in meiosis 1	1. Synapsis and crossing over 2. Homologous pairs of metaphase plate 3. Separation of homologs	37
1777401215	cohesion	Sister chromatids stay together due to	38
1777401216	Cohesions last until	the end of metapase	39
1777401217	Meiosis 1 is called the reductional division because	it reduces from diploid to haploid	40
1777401218	During meiosis 2	sister chromatids separate resulting in the four haploid daughter cells (equational division)	41
1777401219	Results in the formation of chiasma	Combo of crossing over and sister chromatid cohesion along arms	42
1777401220	homologs	Chiasmata hold together	43
1777401221	1st divison, 2nd division	reductional, equational	44