Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity Campbell Biology Flashcards

1409762804	Animals are	multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes	0
1409762808	Ingestion	eating food	1
1409762816	Animal cells are held together by	extracellular structural proteins	2
1409762817	The most abundant structural protein holding animal cells together are	collagen	3
1409762818	M&F adult animals make haploid gametes by	meiosis	4
1409762819	The zygote divides by	mitosis	5
1409762821	The dividing of the of the zygote forms an early embryonic stage called a:	blastula	6
1409762823	Hollow ball of cells	blastula	7
1409762826	One side of the blastula folds inward forming stage called	gastrula	8
1409762828	The internal sac formed by gastrulation becomes the	digestive tract	9
1409762830	What lines the digestive tract	endoderm	10
1409762832	an outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system	ectoderm	11
1409762836	third embryonic layer in animals which forms the muscles an most internal organs	mesoderm	12
1409762839	an immature individual that looks different from the adult animal	larva	13
1409762841	a major change of body form	metamorphosis	14
1409762845	The transformation of a zygote into an adult animal is controlled by clusters of	homeotic genes	15
1409762846	Animal diversification began more than	.5 billion years ago	16
1409762847	The lineage that gave rise to animals is thought to have diverged from a	flagellated unikont	17
1409762853	flagellated unikonts may have resembled modern	choanoflagellates	18
1409762854	colonial protist that are the closest living relatives of animals	choanoflagellates	19
1409762855	The oldest generally accepted animal fossils that have yet been found are how old	575-550 million years old	20
1409762856	animals that lack a vertebral column	invertebrates	21
1409762857	Edicaran fossil animals had what type of bodies	soft	22
1409762858	Cambrian animals had what types of fossil bodies	hard	23
1409762859	animals can be characterized by basic features of their	body plan	24
1409762860	prominent feature of the body plan	symmetry	25
1409762861	the body parts radiate from the center like the spokes of a bicycle wheel	radial symmetry	26
1409762862	What type of symmetry has a top and body but no left and right sides	radial	27
1409762863	mirror-image right and left sides, a distinct head and tail, also a back and bottom	bilateral symmetry	28
1409762864	head	anterior	29
1409762865	tail	posterior	30
1409762866	dorsal surface	back	31
1409762867	bottom	ventral surface	32
1409762868	The symmetry of a animal reflects its	lifystyle	33
1409762869	What type of animal is typically sedentary or passively drifting, meeting its environment equally on all sides	radial	34
1409762870	The brain, sense organs, and mouth are usually located in the head of what type of symmetric animal	bilateral	35
1409762871	Collections of specialized cells	true tissues	36
1409762872	sponges lack	true tissues	37
1409762873	The cell layers formed during gastrulation give rise to	true tissues, organs	38
1409762874	Three tissue layers	ectoderm endoderm mesoderm	39
1409762875	Animals arising from embryos with three tissue layers may be characterized by the presence or lack of a	body cavity	40
1409762876	Fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall	body cavity	41
1409762877	In soft-bodied animals, a noncompressible fluid in the body cavity form a	hydrostatic skeleton	42
1409762878	body cavitiy completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm	true coelom	43
1409762879	Not completely lined by tissue made from mesoderm, functions like coeloms	pseudocoelom	44
1409762880	Animals that arise from three tissue layers can be separated into two groups base on details of their	embryonic development	45
1409762881	Two types of bilateral animals	protostomes deuterostomes	46
1409762882	In _______the opening formed during gastrulation becomes a mouth	protostomes	47
1409762883	In _______ the opening formed during gastrulatin becomes a anus and the mouth forms a second opening	deuterostomes	48
1409762884	Differences between protostomes and deuterostomes	pattern of early cell division, the way the coelom forms	49
1409762885	animals with true tissues (true animals)	eumetazoans	50
1409762886	Animals that have bilateral symmetry belong to the clade	bilaterians	51
1409762887	The bilaterians are divided into two clades based on	embryology	52
1409762888	The two clades of bilaterians are	protostomes and deutrostomes	53
1409762889	The simplest of all animals	sponges	54
1409762890	Some sponges are radially symmetric but most lack	body symmetry	55
1409762891	The body of a sponge consist of two layers of cells separated by a	gelatinous region	56
1409762892	cells which help sweep water through the sponges body are called	choanocytes	57
1409762893	Wander through the middle body region, produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin are called	amoebocytes	58
1409762894	Most sponges have both types of	skeletal components	59
1409762895	Example of a suspension feeder	sponges	60
1409762896	animals that collect food particles from h2o passed through some type of food-trapping equipment	suspension feeders	61
1409762897	A sponge must filter roughly _________kg of seawater to obtain enough food	1,000	62
1409762898	What traps food particles in mucus on the membraneous collars hat surround the base of their flagella then engulf the food by phagocytosis	choanocytes	63
1409762899	pick up food in packaged vacuoles choanocytes	amoebocytes	64
1409762900	Means they are anchored in place	sessile	65
1409762901	Radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells, two tissue layers	cnidarians	66
1409762902	Phylum containing hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies	cnidaria	67
1409762903	Two types of radial body forms of cnidarians	polyp medusa	68
1409762904	Common in freshwater ponds and lakes	hydras	69
1409762905	Have a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end	hydras and sea anemones	70
1409762906	mostly stationary	polyps	71
1409762907	move freely about in water and shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles	medusas	72
1409762908	cnidarians capture small animals and protist and are considered	carnivores	73
1409762909	In a ______ the mouth is on the top of the body at the hub of radiating tentacles	polyp	74
1409762910	In a ____________the mouth is in the center of the undersurface	medusa	75
1409762911	Fluid in the ______________________ circulates nutrients an oxygen to internal cells and removes metabolic waste	gastrovascular cavity	76
1409762912	cnidarian have unique stinging cells called	cnidocytes	77
1409762913	cnidocytes contain a	fine thread coiled within a capsule	78
1409762914	coral animals are	polyp form cnidarians	79
1409762915	Flatworms are the simplest	bilateral animals	80
1409762916	length of flatworms range from	1mm-20m	81
1409762917	Three major groups of flatworms	free-living flukes tapeworms	82
1409762918	Worms called the planarians represent	free living flatworms	83
1409762919	has a head with a pair of light-sensitive eyecups and a flap at each side that detects chemicals	planarian	84
1409762920	Planarians feed through a mouth located	mid-ventral surface of the body	85
1409762921	Live on the undersurfaces of rocks in freshwater ponds and streams	planarians	86
1409762922	second type of flat worm that lives as parasites in other animals	flukes	87
1409762923	have complex life cycles that facilitate dispersal of offspring to new host	flukes	88
1409762924	Spend part of their life cycle in snails (blood flukes)	schistosomes	89
1409762925	anterior end of a tapeworm	scolex	90
1409762926	tapeworms have no _________ mouth they _______nutrients across their body surface and have no ____________	mouth absorb digestive tract	91
1409762927	complex life cycle involving more that one host (like flukes)	tapeworms	92
1409762928	Flatworms and cnidarians differ in symmetry with flatworms being _____- and cnidarians being ____ but the animals of both phyla have a ________	bilateral radial gastrovascular cavity	93
1409762929	roundworms	nematodes	94
1409762930	Nematodes have a	pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract	95
1409762931	Nematodes make up the phylum	nematoda	96
1409762932	True/False nematodes are bilaterians	true	97
1409762933	Cylindrical with a blunt head and tapered tail	nematodes	98
1409762934	tough nonliving material covering roundworms body	cuticle	99
1409762935	Extension of a tube from the mouth to the anus near the tip of the tail	complete digestive tract	100
1409762936	fluid in the __________ distributes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract throughout the body	pseudocoelom	101
1409762937	free-living nematodes live virtually everywhere there is	rotting organic matter	102
1409762938	other nematodes thrive as ____ in the moist tissues of plants and in the body fluids and tissues of animals	parasites	103
1409762939	the dog heartworm is a	nematode	104
1409762940	humans are host to at least how many nematode species	50	105
1409762941	snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids are a few	molluscs	106
1409762942	soft bodied animals usually protected by a hard shell	molluscs	107
1409762943	three main parts of a mollusc	foot visceral mass mantle	108
1409762944	functions in locomotion of a mollusc	muscular foot	109
1409762945	contains most of the organs of a mollusc	visceral mass	110
1409762946	a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in molluscs such as clams and snails	mantle	111
1409762947	the mantle extends beyond the visceral mass producing water filled chamber called the	mantle cavity	112
1409762948	unique rasping organ in mollusc	radula	113
1409762949	the radula is used to scrape up	food	114
1409762950	most molluscs have separate	sexes	115
1409762951	reproductive oragans of molluscs are located in the	visceral mass	116
1409762952	the life cycle of many marine molluscs includes a	ciliated larval or trochophore	117
1409762953	flatworms have no body cavity, nematodes have pseudocoelom molluscs have a	true coelom	118
1409762954	unlike flatworms and nematodes molluscs have a	circulatory system	119
1409762955	three different groups of molluscs determined by body features	gastropods, bivalves, cepalopods	120
1409762956	the largest group of molluscs	gastropods	121
1409762957	found in fresh water, salt water, terrestrial environments. The only molluscs that live on land	gastropods	122
1409762958	gastropodsare protected by a single spiraled	shell	123
1409762959	most gastropods are ____ and shell collectors delight in their variety	marine	124
1409762960	includes numerous species of clams, oysters, mussels and scallops	bivalves	125
1409762961	they have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together	bivalves	126
1409762962	most bivalves are what kind of feeders	suspension	127
1409762963	gills in bivalves are used for feeding as well as	gas exchange	128
1409762964	most bivalves live in sand or mud and are considered	sedentary	129
1409762965	use beak like jaws and a radula to crush or rip prey apart	cephalopods	130
1409762966	all cephalopods have	large brains and sophisticated sense organs	131
1409762967	cephalopod eyes are considered the most	complex	132
1409762968	annelids are	segmented worms	133
1409762969	segmented body resembling a series of fused rings is the hallmark of	phylum annelida	134
1409762970	subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts	segmentation	135
1409762971	segmented body allows for greater	flexibility and mobility	136
1409762972	three main groups of annelids	earthworms, polychaetes, leeches	137
1409762973	earthworms do not fertilize their own eggs but they are	hermaphrodites	138
1409762974	undigested material mixed with mucus secreted into the digestive tract is eliminated as	castings	139
1409762975	mostly marine and form the largest group of annelids	polychates	140
1409762976	most live in tubes and extend feathery appendages coated with mucus that trap suspended food particles	polychaetes	141
1409762977	segmented animals with jointed appendages	arthropods	142
1409762978	most successful animal phulum	arthoropoda	143
1409762979	diversity and success of arthropods are largely related to their	segmentation exoskeleton and jointed appendages	144
1409762980	exoskeleton is considered a	cuticle	145
1409762981	exoskeleton is hardened by layers of	protein and chitin	146
1409762982	the exoskeleton of the head and thorax is partly fused forming a body region called the	cephalothorax	147
1409762983	like molluscs arthropods have an	open circulatory system	148
1409762984	most aquatic species have	gills	149
1409762985	terrestrial insects have _________ that branch through out the body	air sacs	150
1409762986	horseshoe crab is a member of the	chelicerates	151
1409762987	collectively called _______scorpions,spiders ticks and mites are members of _________--	arachnids chelicerates	152
1409762988	wormlike terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plant matter classified as a arthropod	millipede	153
1409762989	terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey	centipedes	154
1409762990	the crustaceans are nearly all	aquatic	155
1409762991	lobsters and crayfish are in which group	crustaceans	156
1409762992	_____ are marine crustaceans with a cuticle that is hardened into a shell containing ______	barnacles calcium carbonate	157
1409762993	four lineages of arthropods	chelicerates millipedes and centipedes crustaceans insects	158
1409762994	most successful group of animals	insects	159
1409762995	study insects	entomologists	160
1409762996	only the adult insect is	sexually mature and has wings	161
1409762997	percentage of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis	80	162
1409762998	larval stage is specialized for	eating and growing	163
1409762999	transition from larva t adult is achieved through_____ but with out forming a _____	multiple molts pupa	164
1409763000	molts multiple times and does form a pupa	complete metamorphosis	165
1409763001	insects have three distinct body parts	head thorax abdomen	166
1409763002	most adult insects have __ pairs of legs	three	167
1409763003	insects are the only invertebrates that can	fly	168
1409763004	sea stars and sand dollars, slow moving or sessile marine animals	echinoderms	169
1409763005	unique to echinoderms	water vascular system	170
1409763006	network of water filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet	water vascular system	171
1409763007	tube feet function in	locomotion feeding and gas exchange	172
1409763008	some echinoderms are capable of	regeneration	173
1409763009	sea stars are ______ and sea urchins eat _____	carnivores algae	174
1409763010	a flexible supportive longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord	notochord	175
1409763011	located in the pharynx the region just behind the mouth	pharyngeal slits	176
1409763012	small bladelike chordates that live in marine sands	lancelets	177
1409763013	four chordate characteristics in summary	nerve cord notochord pharyngeal slits tail	178
1409763014	master control genes (body building genes ) are called	homeotic genes	179