Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity Campbell Biology Flashcards

1274564991	Animals are	multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes	0
1274564993	Ingestion	eating food	1
1274564995	Animal cells are held together by	extracellular structural proteins	2
1274564997	The most abundant structural protein holding animal cells together are	collagen	3
1274564999	M&F adult animals make haploid gametes by	meiosis	4
1274565001	The zygote divides by	mitosis	5
1274565003	The dividing of the of the zygote forms an early embryonic stage called a:	blastula	6
1274565005	Hollow ball of cells	blastula	7
1274565007	One side of the blastula folds inward forming stage called	gastrula	8
1274565009	The internal sac formed by gastrulation becomes the	digestive tract	9
1274565011	What lines the digestive tract	endoderm	10
1274565012	an outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system	ectoderm	11
1274565013	third embryonic layer in animals which forms the muscles an most internal organs	mesoderm	12
1274565014	an immature individual that looks different from the adult animal	larva	13
1274565015	a major change of body form	metamorphosis	14
1274565016	The transformation of a zygote into an adult animal is controlled by clusters of	homeotic genes	15
1274565017	Animal diversification began more than	.5 billion years ago	16
1274565018	The lineage that gave rise to animals is thought to have diverged from a	flagellated unikont	17
1274565019	flagellated unikonts may have resembled modern	choanoflagellates	18
1274565020	colonial protist that are the closest living relatives of animals	choanoflagellates	19
1274565021	The oldest generally accepted animal fossils that have yet been found are how old	575-550 million years old	20
1274565022	animals that lack a vertebral column	invertebrates	21
1274565023	Edicaran fossil animals had what type of bodies	soft	22
1274565024	Cambrian animals had what types of fossil bodies	hard	23
1274565025	animals can be characterized by basic features of their	body plan	24
1274565026	prominent feature of the body plan	symmetry	25
1274565027	the body parts radiate from the center like the spokes of a bicycle wheel	radial symmetry	26
1274565028	What type of symmetry has a top and body but no left and right sides	radial	27
1274565029	mirror-image right and left sides, a distinct head and tail, also a back and bottom	bilateral symmetry	28
1274565030	head	anterior	29
1274565031	tail	posterior	30
1274565032	dorsal surface	back	31
1274565033	bottom	ventral surface	32
1274565034	The symmetry of a animal reflects its	lifystyle	33
1274565035	What type of animal is typically sedentary or passively drifting, meeting its environment equally on all sides	radial	34
1274565036	The brain, sense organs, and mouth are usually located in the head of what type of symmetric animal	bilateral	35
1274565037	Collections of specialized cells	true tissues	36
1274565038	sponges lack	true tissues	37
1274565039	The cell layers formed during gastrulation give rise to	true tissues, organs	38
1274565040	Three tissue layers	ectoderm endoderm mesoderm	39
1274565041	Animals arising from embryos with three tissue layers may be characterized by the presence or lack of a	body cavity	40
1274565042	Fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall	body cavity	41
1274565043	In soft-bodied animals, a noncompressible fluid in the body cavity form a	hydrostatic skeleton	42
1274565044	body cavitiy completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm	true coelom	43
1274565045	Not completely lined by tissue made from mesoderm, functions like coeloms	pseudocoelom	44
1274565046	Animals that arise from three tissue layers can be separated into two groups base on details of their	embryonic development	45
1274565047	Two types of bilateral animals	protostomes deuterostomes	46
1274565048	In _______the opening formed during gastrulation becomes a mouth	protostomes	47
1274565049	In _______ the opening formed during gastrulatin becomes a anus and the mouth forms a second opening	deuterostomes	48
1274565050	Differences between protostomes and deuterostomes	pattern of early cell division, the way the coelom forms	49
1274565051	animals with true tissues (true animals)	eumetazoans	50
1274565052	Animals that have bilateral symmetry belong to the clade	bilaterians	51
1274565053	The bilaterians are divided into two clades based on	embryology	52
1274565054	The two clades of bilaterians are	protostomes and deutrostomes	53
1274565055	The simplest of all animals	sponges	54
1274565056	Some sponges are radially symmetric but most lack	body symmetry	55
1274565057	The body of a sponge consist of two layers of cells separated by a	gelatinous region	56
1274565058	cells which help sweep water through the sponges body are called	choanocytes	57
1274565059	Wander through the middle body region, produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin are called	amoebocytes	58
1274565060	Most sponges have both types of	skeletal components	59
1274565061	Example of a suspension feeder	sponges	60
1274565062	animals that collect food particles from h2o passed through some type of food-trapping equipment	suspension feeders	61
1274565063	A sponge must filter roughly _________kg of seawater to obtain enough food	1,000	62
1274565064	What traps food particles in mucus on the membraneous collars hat surround the base of their flagella then engulf the food by phagocytosis	choanocytes	63
1274565065	pick up food in packaged vacuoles choanocytes	amoebocytes	64
1274565066	Means they are anchored in place	sessile	65
1274565067	Radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells, two tissue layers	cnidarians	66
1274565068	Phylum containing hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies	cnidaria	67
1274565069	Two types of radial body forms of cnidarians	polyp medusa	68
1274565070	Common in freshwater ponds and lakes	hydras	69
1274565071	Have a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end	hydras and sea anemones	70
1274565072	mostly stationary	polyps	71
1274565073	move freely about in water and shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles	medusas	72
1274565074	cnidarians capture small animals and protist and are considered	carnivores	73
1274565075	In a ______ the mouth is on the top of the body at the hub of radiating tentacles	polyp	74
1274565076	In a ____________the mouth is in the center of the undersurface	medusa	75
1274565077	Fluid in the ______________________ circulates nutrients an oxygen to internal cells and removes metabolic waste	gastrovascular cavity	76
1274565078	cnidarian have unique stinging cells called	cnidocytes	77
1274565079	cnidocytes contain a	fine thread coiled within a capsule	78
1274565080	coral animals are	polyp form cnidarians	79
1274565081	Flatworms are the simplest	bilateral animals	80
1274565082	length of flatworms range from	1mm-20m	81
1274565083	Three major groups of flatworms	free-living flukes tapeworms	82
1274565084	Worms called the planarians represent	free living flatworms	83
1274565085	has a head with a pair of light-sensitive eyecups and a flap at each side that detects chemicals	planarian	84
1274565086	Planarians feed through a mouth located	mid-ventral surface of the body	85
1274565087	Live on the undersurfaces of rocks in freshwater ponds and streams	planarians	86
1274565088	second type of flat worm that lives as parasites in other animals	flukes	87
1274565089	have complex life cycles that facilitate dispersal of offspring to new host	flukes	88
1274565090	Spend part of their life cycle in snails (blood flukes)	schistosomes	89
1274565091	anterior end of a tapeworm	scolex	90
1274565092	tapeworms have no _________ mouth they _______nutrients across their body surface and have no ____________	mouth absorb digestive tract	91
1274565093	complex life cycle involving more that one host (like flukes)	tapeworms	92
1274565094	Flatworms and cnidarians differ in symmetry with flatworms being _____- and cnidarians being ____ but the animals of both phyla have a ________	bilateral radial gastrovascular cavity	93
1274565095	roundworms	nematodes	94
1274565096	Nematodes have a	pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract	95
1274565097	Nematodes make up the phylum	nematoda	96
1274565098	True/False nematodes are bilaterians	true	97
1274565099	Cylindrical with a blunt head and tapered tail	nematodes	98
1274565100	tough nonliving material covering roundworms body	cuticle	99
1274565101	Extension of a tube from the mouth to the anus near the tip of the tail	complete digestive tract	100
1274565102	fluid in the __________ distributes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract throughout the body	pseudocoelom	101
1274565103	free-living nematodes live virtually everywhere there is	rotting organic matter	102
1274565104	other nematodes thrive as ____ in the moist tissues of plants and in the body fluids and tissues of animals	parasites	103
1274565105	the dog heartworm is a	nematode	104
1274565106	humans are host to at least how many nematode species	50	105
1274565107	snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids are a few	molluscs	106
1274565108	soft bodied animals usually protected by a hard shell	molluscs	107
1274565109	three main parts of a mollusc	foot visceral mass mantle	108
1274565110	functions in locomotion of a mollusc	muscular foot	109
1274565111	contains most of the organs of a mollusc	visceral mass	110
1274565112	a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in molluscs such as clams and snails	mantle	111
1274565113	the mantle extends beyond the visceral mass producing water filled chamber called the	mantle cavity	112
1274565114	unique rasping organ in mollusc	radula	113
1274565115	the radula is used to scrape up	food	114
1274565116	most molluscs have separate	sexes	115
1274565117	reproductive oragans of molluscs are located in the	visceral mass	116
1274565118	the life cycle of many marine molluscs includes a	ciliated larval or trochophore	117
1274565119	flatworms have no body cavity, nematodes have pseudocoelom molluscs have a	true coelom	118
1274565120	unlike flatworms and nematodes molluscs have a	circulatory system	119
1274565121	three different groups of molluscs determined by body features	gastropods, bivalves, cepalopods	120
1274565122	the largest group of molluscs	gastropods	121
1274565123	found in fresh water, salt water, terrestrial environments. The only molluscs that live on land	gastropods	122
1274565124	gastropodsare protected by a single spiraled	shell	123
1274565125	most gastropods are ____ and shell collectors delight in their variety	marine	124
1274565126	includes numerous species of clams, oysters, mussels and scallops	bivalves	125
1274565127	they have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together	bivalves	126
1274565128	most bivalves are what kind of feeders	suspension	127
1274565129	gills in bivalves are used for feeding as well as	gas exchange	128
1274565130	most bivalves live in sand or mud and are considered	sedentary	129
1274565131	use beak like jaws and a radula to crush or rip prey apart	cephalopods	130
1274565132	all cephalopods have	large brains and sophisticated sense organs	131
1274565133	cephalopod eyes are considered the most	complex	132
1274565134	annelids are	segmented worms	133
1274565135	segmented body resembling a series of fused rings is the hallmark of	phylum annelida	134
1274565136	subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts	segmentation	135
1274565137	segmented body allows for greater	flexibility and mobility	136
1274565138	three main groups of annelids	earthworms, polychaetes, leeches	137
1274565139	earthworms do not fertilize their own eggs but they are	hermaphrodites	138
1274565140	undigested material mixed with mucus secreted into the digestive tract is eliminated as	castings	139
1274565141	mostly marine and form the largest group of annelids	polychates	140
1274565142	most live in tubes and extend feathery appendages coated with mucus that trap suspended food particles	polychaetes	141
1274565143	segmented animals with jointed appendages	arthropods	142
1274565144	most successful animal phulum	arthoropoda	143
1274565145	diversity and success of arthropods are largely related to their	segmentation exoskeleton and jointed appendages	144
1274565146	exoskeleton is considered a	cuticle	145
1274565147	exoskeleton is hardened by layers of	protein and chitin	146
1274565148	the exoskeleton of the head and thorax is partly fused forming a body region called the	cephalothorax	147
1274565149	like molluscs arthropods have an	open circulatory system	148
1274565150	most aquatic species have	gills	149
1274565151	terrestrial insects have _________ that branch through out the body	air sacs	150
1274565152	horseshoe crab is a member of the	chelicerates	151
1274565153	collectively called _______scorpions,spiders ticks and mites are members of _________--	arachnids chelicerates	152
1274565154	wormlike terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plant matter classified as a arthropod	millipede	153
1274565155	terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey	centipedes	154
1274565156	the crustaceans are nearly all	aquatic	155
1274565157	lobsters and crayfish are in which group	crustaceans	156
1274565158	_____ are marine crustaceans with a cuticle that is hardened into a shell containing ______	barnacles calcium carbonate	157
1274565159	four lineages of arthropods	chelicerates millipedes and centipedes crustaceans insects	158
1274565160	most successful group of animals	insects	159
1274565161	study insects	entomologists	160
1274565162	only the adult insect is	sexually mature and has wings	161
1274565163	percentage of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis	80	162
1274565164	larval stage is specialized for	eating and growing	163
1274565165	transition from larva t adult is achieved through_____ but with out forming a _____	multiple molts pupa	164
1274565166	molts multiple times and does form a pupa	complete metamorphosis	165
1274565167	insects have three distinct body parts	head thorax abdomen	166
1274565168	most adult insects have __ pairs of legs	three	167
1274565169	insects are the only invertebrates that can	fly	168
1274565170	sea stars and sand dollars, slow moving or sessile marine animals	echinoderms	169
1274565171	unique to echinoderms	water vascular system	170
1274565172	network of water filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet	water vascular system	171
1274565173	tube feet function in	locomotion feeding and gas exchange	172
1274565174	some echinoderms are capable of	regeneration	173
1274565175	sea stars are ______ and sea urchins eat _____	carnivores algae	174
1274565176	a flexible supportive longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord	notochord	175
1274565177	located in the pharynx the region just behind the mouth	pharyngeal slits	176
1274565178	small bladelike chordates that live in marine sands	lancelets	177
1274565179	four chordate characteristics in summary	nerve cord notochord pharyngeal slits tail	178
1274565180	master control genes (body building genes ) are called	homeotic genes	179