World History CH15 Flashcards

378270401	Reconquista	reconquest; Christian struggle to take back the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims	0
378270402	Scandinavia	area in northern Europe that is made up of present-day Norway, Sweden and Denmark; it was home to the Vikings, whose raids terrified all of Europe	1
378270403	Aachen	the capital of Charlemagne's empire, which covered much of western and central Europe	2
378270404	Holy Roman Empire	territory ruled by Otto I; it included most of Germany and northern Italy	3
378270405	Clovis	king of the Franks who lived in the area that is now France; in AD 496 he became a Catholic	4
378270406	Charlemagne	known as Charles the Great, he became king of the Franks at age 29; his kingdom covered much of western and central Europe; the pope declared him the new Roman emperor; he realized the importance of an education	5
378270407	Otto I	one of the stronger kings of Germany who the Magyars and sent troops to Italy to protect the pope; the pope declared him emperor of the Romans in AD 962	6
378270408	Charles Martel	the most powerful of the Frankish mayors of the palace; he wanted to unite all the nobles under his rule; he stopped the Muslim advance into Europe and as a result, Western Europe remained Christian	7
378270409	Gregory the Great	pope who wanted to convert all of Europe to Christianity; in 597 he sent missionaries to Britain and they converted Ethelbert, ruler of the kingdom of Kent; by 1050 most people in Western Europe had become Catholic	8
378270410	Venice	city in Italy which became a major trading center in the Mediterranean by AD1000	9
378270411	Flanders	part of present-day Belgium, its towns became the center of trade for northern Europe; Flemish towns such as Bruges and Ghent became centers for making and trading cloth	10
378270412	Normandy	the part of western France that lies across the English Channel from England; it was named ater the Vikings or Norsemen who ruled it	11
378270413	Kiev	a city around which the Rus state was created by a Viking leader named Oleg around the year AD900	12
378270414	Moscow	city located at the crossroads of several important trade routes; also the headquarters for the Russian branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church	13
378270415	William the Conqueror	cousin of King Edward of England; when Edward died he defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and was crowned king of England	14
378270416	King John	son of Henry II of England; English nobles forced him to sign a document of rights called the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the king	15
378270417	Phillip II	king of France from 1180-1223; he went to war against England and conquered most of the territories of western Europe	16
378270418	Saladin	Muslim leader and brilliant commander who became ruler of Egypt in 1174; he defeated the Christians and captured Jerusalem in 1187	17
378270419	Bologna	city in Italy which was the site of one of the first European universities	18
378270420	Francis of Assisi	founder of the first order of friars known as Franciscans	19
378270421	Thomas Aquinas	Dominican friar and priest who is best known for combining Church teachings with the ideas of Aristotle; about 1276 he wrote Summa Theologica, a summary of knowledge on theology; he was made a saint in 1323	20
378270422	Crecy	site of the first major battle of the 100 Years War after Edward invaded France	21
378270423	Orleans	city where the French army, led by Joan of Arc, defeated the English and began driving them out of France	22
378270424	Joan of Arc	French peasant woman whose faith inspired the French army to capture the city of Orleans from the English	23
378270425	Isabella of Castile	princess of Castile who married Prince Ferdinand of Aragon, thus uniting the 2 kingdoms into one country called Spain; together they tried to make Spain Catholic by driving out the Jews and then the Muslims	24
378270426	Ferdinand of Aragon	prince of Aragon, a kingdom on the Mediterranean Coast; he married Isabella of Castile, thus uniting the 2 kingdoms into one county called Spain; together they tried to make Spain Catholic by driving out the Jews and then the Muslims	25
378270427	fjord	steep sided valled that is an inlet of the sea	26
378270428	missionary	person who travels to carry the ideas of religion to others	27
378270429	excommunicate	to declare that a person or group no longer belongs to a church	28
378270430	concordat	agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country	29
378270431	feudalism	political system based on bonds of loyalty between the lords and vassels	30
378270432	vassal	in feudalism, a noble who held land from and served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection	31
378270433	fief	under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty	32
378270434	knight	in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback	33
378270435	serf	peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble	34
378270436	guild	medieval business group formed by craftspeople and merchants	35
378270437	grand jury	group that decided whether there was enough evidence to accuse a person of a crime	36
378270438	trial jury	jury that decided whether the accused person was innocent or guilty	37
378270439	clergy	religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services	38
378270440	mass	Catholic worship service	39
378270441	heresy	belief that differs from or contradicts the accepted teachings of a religion	40
378270442	anti-Semitism	hatred of Jews	41
378270443	theology	the study of religion and God	42
378270444	scholasticism	medieval way of thinking that tried to bring together reason and faith in studies of religion	43
378270445	vernacular	everyday language used in a country or region	44
378270446	plague	disease that spreads quickly and kills many people	45
378270447	Pepin the Short	son of Charles Martel who became king of the Franks when Martel died; he defeated the Lombards who were threatening the pope and gave the land he won to the pope; those lands became the papal states	46
378270448	Alfred the Great	Britain king who drove away the Vikings by uniting the Anglo-Saxons thus making one kingdom known as Angleland - England; founded schools & hired Latin scholars to write books in the Anglo-Saxon language	47
378270449	Harold Godwinson	became King of England after Edward died; lost his kingdom to William the Conqueror	48
378270450	King Richard	The Lion Hearted led part of the third crusade with Saladin Neither won signed a 5 year treaty	49
378270451	Pope Urban II	Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades	50
378270452	Henry IV	Holy Roman emperor who refused to obey Gregory VII's rule that high ranking church officials could not be appointed by the king; he declared that Gregory was no longer the pope; he was excommunicated fought Rome and named a new pope	51
378270453	code of chivalry	a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all knights behavior	52
378270454	Black Death	the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe	53
378270455	Magna Carta	document signed by King John in 1215 that took away some of the king's powers; helped establish the idea that people have rights and that the power of government should be limited	54
378270456	lord	in feudalism, the lord protected the vassel and served the king; gave land to people to keep them loyal; one step below the nobles	55
378270457	Battle of Tours	Charles Martel led the Franks and defeated the Muslims in AD732; this stopped the Muslim advance into Europe keeping Christianity western Europe's major religion	56
378270458	Battle of Hastings	in 1066, William the Conquerer defeated Harold to become king of England	57
378270459	Concordat of Worms	agreement between the German king and the new pope that said only the pope could choose bishops, but only the emperor could give them jobs in government	58
378270460	Crusade	holy war 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims	59
378270461	Inquisition	A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy	60
378270462	Phillip IV	taxed clergy to pay for a war; after much conflict with the Pope, he called the Estates General to request support	61
378270463	100 Years War	conflict between France and England in the 14th/15th centuries introduced new forms of warfare (crossbow) French victory	62