Psychology: Themes and Variations Ch. 6 Flashcards

1746664325	Learning	any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. Environment causes change in behavior	0
1746664326	Conditioning	Learning associations between events that occur in a organism's environment	1
1746664327	Types of Learning	-Classical Conditioning -Operant Conditioning -Observational Learning	2
1746664328	Classical Conditioning	A stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus -Ivan Pavlov -Passive Learning	3
1746664329	Psychic Reflex	What Pavlov called it when dogs salivated when they did not have the sight or smell of food	4
1746664330	Neutral Stimulus (NS)	No response (bell)	5
1746664331	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (meat)	6
1746664332	Unconditioned Response (UR)	an unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning (salivate)	7
1746664333	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	A previously neutral stimulus that has, throughout conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response (bell)	8
1746664334	Conditioned Response (CR)	a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of pervious conditioning (salivate)	9
1746664335	Trial	consists of any presentation of a stimulus of a stimulus or pair of stimulus	10
1746664336	Acquisition	Refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency -increase of CR after pairing NS+US	11
1746664337	Extinction (Classical)	The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency -CS no longer predicts anything	12
1746664338	Spontaneous Recovery	the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus	13
1746664339	Little Albert	-John Watson -NS/CS white rat -US loud gong -UR/CR Fear	14
1746664340	Stimulus Generalization	When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus	15
1746664341	Stimulus Discrimination	occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus	16
1746664342	Taste Aversion	-Unusual example of classical conditioning -Increased time between NS(CS) and US -Can develop with only one trial	17
1746664343	Preparedness	involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others -to develop fearful associations with some stimuli more than others	18
1746664344	Phobia	You don't have to have a direct experience to fear something	19
1746664345	Operant Conditioning	a form of learning in which voluntary response come to be controlled by their consequences -Active Learning	20
1746664346	E.L. Thorndike	Law of Effect -Good consequences=Increase in Behavior -Bad Consequences=Decease in Behavior	21
1746664347	B.F. Skinner	-Named and pioneered operant conditioning -Behavior and it's consequences	22
1746664348	Skinner Box	small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while that consequences of the response are controlled	23
1746664349	Cumulative Recorder	creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time	24
1746664350	Shaping	The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response	25
1746664351	Extinction (Operant)	the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement	26
1746664352	Positive	Add something	27
1746664353	Negative	Take something away	28
1746664354	Reinforcement	behavior will increase	29
1746664355	Punishment	The behavior will decrease	30
1746664356	Positive Reinforcement	When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus	31
1746664357	Negative Reinforcement	When a response is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus	32
1746664358	Escape Learning	an organism acquires a response that deceases or ends some aversive stimulation	33
1746664359	Avoidance Learning	an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring	34
1746664360	Positive Punishment	When a response is weakened by the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus	35
1746664361	Negative Punishment	When a response is weakened by the removal of a pleasant stimulus	36
1746664362	Schedule of Reinforcement	a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcements over time	37
1746664363	Continuous Reinforcement	occurs every instance of a designated response is reinforced	38
1746664364	Intermittent Reinforcement	occurs when a designed response is reinforced only some of the time	39
1746664365	Ratio Schedule	based on what we do	40
1746664366	Fixed Ratio	predictable ex) every 4 cars you sell, you get a bonus	41
1746664367	Variable Ratio	You don't know when the reinforcement is coming ex) gambling	42
1746664368	Interval Schedules	Based on time	43
1746664369	Fixed Interval	reinforcement comes at a certain time	44
1746664370	Variable Interval	Don't know what time the reinforcement is coming	45
1746664371	Observational Learning	occurs when an organism's response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models -Albert Bandura	46
1746664372	Basic Processes in Observable Learning	Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation	47