AP EURO Chapter 18 Spielvogel Flashcards

2000975229	18th Century	Final phase of old order	0
2000975230	Monarchs	They ruled states well into the 18th century	1
2000975231	Divine right	No longer used as a claim for monarchy power	2
2000975232	Utilitarian Argument	The services a monarch must provide to its people. i.e. defend, oversee agriculture, encourage the economy This argument was praised by philosophes	3
2000975233	Enlightened absolutism	New type of monarch which emerged at this time Rulers who followed the advice of philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria They were not war mongers	4
2000975234	Shift of power in the 16th Century	European economic power shifted to Mediterranean and the Atlantic seaboard	5
2000975235	Shift of power in the 17th Century	The English and Dutch expanded as Spain and Portugal declined	6
2000975236	Shift of power in the 18th Century	Dutch weakened and English and France build commercial empires and the true global ecconomy	7
2000975237	France leading up to Louis XV	France monarchy was not influenced by the philosophes and the reforms Louis XIV left France with a great amount of debt, an unhappy populace, and a 5-year-old leader The Duke of Orleans took power until Louis XV was ready France in the 18th century received a strong economic revival due to the Enlightenment	8
2000975238	Louis XV	Lazy and a weak ruler of France easily influenced by ministers and mistresses Goes to war and bankrupted France	9
2000975239	Pompadour	Charmed Louis to gain both power and wealth while making important government decisions	10
2000975240	Louis XVI	Even worse of a ruler than his predecessor and helped lead to the French revolution	11
2000975241	natural rights	Inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person equality before the law, freedom of religion, freedom of speech and press, assemble, property, happiness essentially the Bill of rights	12
2000975242	Philosophes opinion on rulers	most people needed the direction provided by an enlightenment ruler They said an enlightenment ruler must allow natural rights Ruler must not be arbitrary in their rule -Practice what you preach! Essentially absolute rulers who were swayed by enlightened principles *This was the opinion of what group?	13
2000975243	British Parliament	Glorious revolution prevented absolutism Power was to be shared between the king and Parliament giving parliament the slight upper hand	14
2000975244	Patronage	Since house of commons was elected from boroughs wealthy people could control appointments to an office	15
2000975245	How British Parliament gained more power	When the queen died in 1714 the crown was handed to protestant rulers of Germany They did not speak English so the Parliament took even more control Big step to the modern cabinet system in British Government Authority of the crown continued to diminish due to the corrupt electoral system and the loss of America People criticized the king	16
2000975246	Dutch	This state experienced a decline in economic prosperity	17
2000975247	Frederick William 1st	He developed the army and the bureaucracy that were the backbone of Prussia Promoted the evolution of Prussia's highly efficient civil bureaucracy Established the General Directory He bonded nobility and the army, and therefore the nobility to the government	18
2000975248	General Directory	chief administrative agent of the central government, supervised the military, police, economic, and finance	19
2000975249	Supreme values of Frederick William 1st	obedience, honor, and service to the King	20
2000975250	Prussia	Peasants had few rights and were tied to the nobility only way to gain rights as a peasant was to join the army Junkers still played a dominating role Army was the backbone of the State 4th largest army 13th most populous	21
2000975251	Prussian militarism	extreme happiness with military ventures	22
2000975252	Frederick 2nd the Great	well educated and cultured monarch Initially he followed philosophes recommendations and Established a code of laws eliminating the use of torture -also granted limited freedom of speech, press, and religious toleration Took away power of peasants in the army Social conservative Quick to use military By the end of his reign prussia was recognized as a great European power Floutist	23
2000975253	Prussia-Austria conflict	Seized the Austrian province of Silesia for Prussia This act helped lead to the two major wars The war of Australian succession The seven Years war	24
2000975254	Prussia	Well known for its efficiency, honesty, and army	25
2000975255	Austria	One of the great European states by the 18th century Vienna was the center of the Habsburg monarchy Struggled creating common law and a centralized administration	26
2000975256	Theresa	Leader of Austria Following the loss of the War of Austrian Silesia she reformed her empire She divided the Austrian lands to elect officials to make Austria more centralized Outcome of reforms was the strengthening power of the state and modernization of the Army She was not open to social reform	27
2000975257	Theresa	She forced the clergy and nobles to pay property and income taxes in preparations for the next conflict with Prussia	28
2000975258	Joseph 2nd	He was open to reform Chief goal was to enhance Hapsburg power Leader of Austria following Theresa	29
2000975259	Reforms of Joseph the 2nd	Abolished serfdom and tried to give peasants rights abolished the death penalty complete religious toleration German as the official language	30
2000975260	Outcome of Joseph the 2nd reforms	alienated the nobility by freeing serfs Alienated the church Serfs were unhappy, they didn't fully understand his policies German as the official language alienated non-Germans	31
2000975261	Catherine the Great	When her husband was murdered she became the leader of Russia Wished to reform Russia along Enlightenment ideas At the same time she didn't want to alienate Russia Nobility Divided Russia into provinces Each district elected their officials and were responcible for their province	32
2000975262	Catherine the Great	She wrote "Instruction"	33
2000975263	"Instruction"	Written by Catherine the Great Questioned the institutions of serfdom, torture and capital punishment Advocated for the principle of equality for all in the eyes of the law Produced little change	34
2000975264	Peasant revolt under Catherine	Peasants revolted after the government began to restrict free peasants in districts from leaving The revolt's momentum soon stopped due to government forces effectiveness Catherine responded with even more repression of peasantry rural reform halted and serfdom expanded to new areas	35
2000975265	Pugachev	A Cossack who led the Peasant revolt in Russia He won the support of peasants by issuing a manifesto that freed them from oppressive taxes and military service He was later captured, tortured, and executed	36
2000975266	Poland's destruction	Example of why a strong monarch is needed in early modern Europe Elected Polish king was forced to accept drastic restriction on his power Weak king was seen as an invitation to invade from other countries Austria, Russia, and Prussia contributed to Poland's destruction The three divided up Poland equally to avoid war This shows why building a strong, absolute state was essential to survival in the 17th and 18th century	37
2000975267	Spain	This state's rule shifted from the Hapsburg to the Bourbons Philip 5th centralized Spain through his laws, institutions, and language	38
2000975268	Italian States	Austria was now the dominating force here following the Peace of Utrecht, not Spain	39
2000975269	Portugal	Experienced a decline following the Glorious revolution	40
2000975270	The Scandinavian States	Sweden had become the dominant power in northern Europe Sweden power declined as a result of nobility gaining power Power was later returned to a monarchy thanks to Gustavus Gustavus was enlightened and established freedom of speech, religion, and press introduced Laissez-faire	41
2000975271	3 Rulers who believed in Enlightened absolutism	Joseph, Frederick, and Catherine Joseph was the only one who truly sought radical changes based on the enlightenment State necessities took precedence over Enlightenment for the other two	42
2000975272	Enlightened Absolutism	Rulers seeked legal reform, religious tolerance, and the extension of education to create more satisfied subject and to make a stronger government Military, political, and social realities limited their abilities to make real change and reforms	43
2000975273	Cardinal Fleury	Cardinal who was in power when Louis 15th was a child Did a great job at staying out of wars	44
2000975274	7 Years War	Loss of Empire Stared in the New world then came to Europe France lost all of their NA Colonies	45
2000975275	Robert Walpole	First Prime Minister of Great Britian -ministerial power -peaceful foreign policy	46
2000975276	William Pitt the Elder	Replaces Walpole Aggressive foreign policy Helped lead to the 7 years war	47
2000975277	George 3	This king of England lost the American colonies	48
2000975278	Enlightenment ideals	Equality under the law universal treatment Freedom of religion Freedom of speech/press Freedom to assemble Right to pursue happiness Support of education	49
2000975279	Philosophes	They condemned war as a foolish waste of life and resources	50
2000975280	Balance of Power	The prevention of creating one state which dominates the others Idea of counterbalancing the power of one state by another. Did not however create a desire for peace	51
2000975281	reason of state	Dynasties who ruled were very short term thinkers who only cared about their family This idea is looking beyond dynastic interests to the long-term future of their states Frederick II and William Pitt the Elder did this Motivated diplomacy and created country foreign policy	52
2000975282	Organization of army	18th Century: More efficient control of power in the hands of bureaucrats who could collect taxes and organize states	53
2000975283	the War of Austrian Succession	Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of the empress Theresa to invade Austria France also entered as France is enemies with Austria Theresa made an alliance with Great Britain GB feared the growth of France War spread all over Europe and outside of Europe Outcomes: Prussia won Silesia -France lost some NA colonies -English got some colonies Ended with the Peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle	54
2000975284	Charles VI	Austrian ruler who was unable to produce a male Heir and feared giving the thrown to his daughter Theresa He negotiated the Pragmatic sanction which was getting other European powers to recogized his daughter as the true heir	55
2000975285	Pragmatic Sanction	When Charles VI tried getting other European powers to recognize his daughter as the true heir this was called	56
2000975286	Outcomes of the Australian War of Succession	Outcomes: Land exchanges with no clear winner Land returned to original owners but Prussia kept Silesia	57
2000975287	Peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle	promised the return of all occupied territories to it's original owner Prussia would not give up Silesia to Austria This prompted the next conflict	58
2000975288	The Seven Years' War Background	Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia Build army and worked diplomatically for its return Achieved a diplomatic revolution	59
2000975289	The Seven Years' War Conflict	Britians and Prussians Vs. Austrians, Russians, and French Frederick II made impressive initial defeat of Austria, Russia, and France with his superb army His forces were gradually worn down as he has surrounded with enemies attack When Elizabeth of Russia died her son Peter III who was a great admirer of Frederick withdrew his troops from the conflict and occupied Prussian lands created a stalemate and helped move to peace	60
2000975290	The Seven Years' War in India	French and Britain supported opposing Indian Princes British under Clive ultimately won Clive was the leader of the Army of the British East India Company	61
2000975291	3 Major areas of conflict in the Seven Years War	Europe, India, North America Some argue this was the first world war Conflict in Europe	62
2000975292	Seven Years War alliances	Britain and France were rivals of colonial empires Prussia and Austria were rivals of Silesia France now allied with Austria instead of Prussia Russia joined this alliance Great Britain allied with Prussia	63
2000975293	Seven Years War	Britians and Prussians Vs. Austrians, Russians, and French	64
2000975294	Peace of Hubertusburg	Ended the Conflict All occupied territories were removed Austria finally recognized Silesia	65
2000975295	Treaty of Paris	This made French withdraw from India and left it for the British Seceded Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to Britian Spain gave Florida to GB France gave their Louisiana Territory to the Spanish France loses all claim to North America Territory	66
2000975296	the French and Indian War	French settled along the Mississippi river while the 13 colonies were already in place This cut off a vast area for GB expansion French made allies with the Indians who were seen as less threatening than the British William Pitt the Elder was determined for the destruction of the France colony French were forced to make peace after a series of British gains	67
2000975297	Two areas of contention in the French and Indian War	Waterways of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence Unsettled Ohio River valley	68
2000975298	Army hierarchical structure	Officers were primarily aristocracy middle class were kept out of higher ranks rank-and-file soldiers came from lower class	69
2000975299	The nature of Warfare	Bigger armies did not make more destructive wars No longer driven by religious ideology Cost of large armies limited counties war objectives	70
2000975300	Standing army	Size of armies increased Army hierarchical structure Officers were primarily aristocracy middle class were kept out of higher ranks rank-and-file soldiers came from lower class	71
2000975301	"House"	association whose collective interests were more important than those of the individual whole was more important than individual	72
2000975302	Primogeniture	The practice of treating the first son as the favorite This came under attack in the 18th century	73
2000975303	foundling homes	orphanage-like homes for unwanted children often sent because parents had too many children solution to infanticide (common practice where parents would murder their children because they couldn't take care of them i.e. suffocating them in their bed) fatal for babies with 50-90% mortality rates children who survived were sent into miserable jobs	74
2000975304	nuclear family	a couple and their dependent children regarded as a basic social unit	75
2000975305	Tull	He discovered that using a hoe kept soil loose which allowed air and moisture to reach the plants and grow better used a drill to plant seeds to plant seeds in a row rather than by hand	76
2000975306	enclosure acts	Allowed agricultural lands to be legaly enclosed Destroyed traditional village life in England Made farming more industrial and urban	77
2000975307	the Bank of England	Decline in the supply of gold and silver led to the need for more liquid forms of money The Bank was created to fill this problem loaned money to the government in exchange for "banknotes" which were equivalent to paper substitute for gold and silver currency created "national debt" which was different from the monarch's personal debts allowed governments to finance larger armies	78
2000975308	John Law	Attempted to create a national bank and paper currency in France Bank went bankrupt and people lost faith in paper money	79
2000975309	textiles	Woolen cloth 75% of Britain's exports	80
2000975310	cottage industry	"Putting-out" or "domestic" system Capitalists buy raw good, give goods to rural workers, rural workers return the raw goods as cloth, Capitalists sell for profit	81
2000975311	water frame	Growing demand for cotton and the cottage industry could not keep up Richard Arkwright invented the this Powered by water or horse it turned out yarn much faster rural workers were threatened by its growth and called for its destruction	82
2000975312	Arkwright	He invented the water frame	83
2000975313	infanticide	common practice where parents would murder their children because they couldn't take care of them i.e. suffocating them in their bed	84
2000975314	Clive	He was the leader of the Army of the British East India Company	85
2000975315	social status	This was still largely determined by wealth old order began to crumble in this time period	86
2000975316	peasants	largest social group 85% of Europe's population large differences between peasants in different regions 2 types: free peasant versus serf	87
2000975317	Free Peasants	South West Europe legally free Had to pay tithes	88
2000975318	serfs	Eastern Europe Peasants who were bound to the land they worked on could not marry or move without the lord's permission Approached Slavery in some cases	89
2000975319	tithes	A portion of peasant crops which would be given to priests towns, and aristocrats	90
2000975320	Villages	center of the peasants social life maintained public order	91
2000975321	nobility	2-3% of European population top of the social order better diet Important military roles Controlled most of the government	92
2000975322	Georgian country house	Country houses were seen as the pinnacle of aristocrat life Country Houses were large estates of wealthy nobles The Georgian style was the most popular in the 18th century Classical design Created houses with "Privacy"	93
2000975323	Frederick II the Great	"First servant of his state"	94
2000975324	Sanssouri	Fredrick the Great's Palace in Potsdom	95
2000975325	Austria, Prussia, Russia	3 Countries that split Poland (Alphabetical order)	96
2000975326	War of Austrian Succesion	France, Prussia, Spain, Vs. Austria, GB, Russia	97
2000975327	The seven Years war	"The First world war"	98
2000975328	The seven Years war	France, Austria, Russia Vs. GB, Prussia	99
2000975329	Diplomatic revolution	When france united with Austria rather than Prussia and GB united with Prussia rather than Austria	100
2000975330	London	This city replaced Amsterdam as the leading banking city in Europe	101
2000975331	Nobility, Clergy, Peasants	3 estates	102
2000975332	"the grand tour"	Going around Europe traveling to get a better education rich families	103
2000975333	Poverty	Increased in this time period Higher percentage of poor people Europeans start caring less about the state of the extremely poor	104
2000975334	monasticism	christian idea of a mystical experience with god	105
2000975335	Limited monarchy	system of government where monarchy is limited by a representative assembly	106
2000975336	natural laws	Laws which all have the right to	107
2000975337	patricians	wealthy ruling class	108
2000975338	estates	division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth and economy	109
2000975339	"Wilkes and Liberty"	slogan used by people who wanted to give the right to vote to the common people of London.	110
2000975340	Austria.	The dominant power in the Italian states in the eighteenth century was	111
2000975341	Jethro Tull	His discoveries were part of a general movement to apply the principles of scientific experiment to agricultural practices.	112