AP Bio Summer Assignment: Chapter 35 (Campbell 9th Edition) Flashcards

455705461	plasticity	An organism's ability to alter or mold itself in response to local environmental conditions.	0
455705462	morphology	External form accumulated through natural selection	1
455705463	tissue	A group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.	2
455705464	organ	This consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.	3
455705465	root system	All of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.	4
455705466	shoot system	The aerial portion of a plant body consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.	5
455705467	root	An organ that anchors a vascular plant, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores organic nutrients.	6
455705468	taproot system	This system consists of one main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root.	7
455705469	lateral roots	Formed from the taproot, these roots often stores organic nutrients that the plant consumes during flowering and fruit production.	8
455705470	fibrous root system	A mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil surface.	9
455705471	adventitious	A term describing any plant part that grows in an unusual location.	10
455705472	root hair	An extension of a root epidermal cell .	11
455705473	stem	An organ consisting of an alternate system of nodes.	12
455705474	nodes	The points at which leaves are attached.	13
455705475	internodes	The stem segments between nodes.	14
455705476	auxillary bud	A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot.	15
455705477	terminal bud	Located near the shoot apex, this is also grouped together with developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.	16
455705478	apical dominance	Inhibiting the growth of axillary buds.	17
455705479	leaf	The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants	18
455705480	blade	The flattened portion of a typical leaf.	19
455705481	petiole	The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.	20
455705482	veins	The vascular tissue of leaves.	21
455705483	tissue system	One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant.	22
455705484	dermal tissue system	The outer protective covering.	23
455705485	epidermis	A single layer of tightly packed cells.	24
455705486	cuticle	A waxy coating that helps prevent water loss, found in the epidermis of leaves and most stems.	25
455705487	vascular tissue system	This system carries out long distance transport of materials between root and shoots.	26
455705488	xylem	This conveys water and dissolved materials upward from roots into the shoots.	27
455705489	phloem	This transports organic nutrients such as sugars from where they are made to where they are needed.	28
455705490	stele	The vascular tissue of a root or stem.	29
455705491	vascular cylinder	The central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root.	30
455705492	vascular bundles	Strands consisting of xylem and phloem.	31
455705493	ground tissue system	Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.	32
455705494	pith	Ground tissues that is internal to the vascular tissue.	33
455705495	cortex	Ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue.	34
455705496	protoplast	The cell contents exclusive of the cell wall.	35
455705497	sclerenchyma cells	They specialize in supporting that may dead are at functional maturity, but they produce secondary walls before the protoplast dies.	36
455705498	sclereids and fibers	Two types of sclerenchyma cells that specialize entirely for support and strengthening	37
455705499	tracheids and vessel elements	The two types of water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity.	38
455705500	sieve-tube members	Chains of cells that form sieve tubs.	39
455705501	sieve plates	The end walls between sieve-tube members.	40
455705502	companion cell	A nonconductive cell that connects to the sieve-tube member by numerous channels.	41
455705503	indeterminate growth	Growth not limited to a embryonic or juvenile period. Ex: plants.	42
455705504	determinate growth	Ceasing of growth after reaching a certain size. Ex: most animals and some plant organs.	43
455705505	annals	A category for flowering plants that complete their life cycle in a single year or less.	44
455705506	biennials	A category for flowering plants that generally live two years.	45
455705507	perennials	A category for flowering plants that live many years.	46
455705508	meristems	Embryonic tissue found in plants that allow indeterminate growth.	47
455705509	apical meristems	Meristems located at the tips of roots and in the buds that enable the plant to grow in length.	48
455705510	primary growth	Allows roots to extend through the soil and shoots to increase exposure to light and CO2.	49
455705511	herbaceous	Nonwoody plants that usually only undergoes primary growth.	50
455705512	secondary growth	Growth in thickness caused by the activity of lateral meristems	51
455705513	lateral meristems	Meristems that enable the plant to grow in thickness.	52
455705514	vascular cambium	A lateral meristem that adds layers of vascular tissue and secondary phloem to the plant.	53
455705515	cork cambium	A lateral meristem that replaces the epidermis with periderm.	54
455705516	initials	Cells that remain as sources of new cells.	55
455705517	derivatices	New cells displaced from the meristem.	56
455705518	primary plant body	The parts of the root and shoots systems produced by apical meristems.	57
455705519	root cap	A thimble-like cap that protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through abrasive soil during primary growth.	58
455705520	zone of cell division	This zone includes the root apical meristem and it s derivatives. New root cells are produced in this region.	59
455705521	zone of elongation	In this zone, root cells elongate.	60
455705522	zone of maturation	Zone where the cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature.	61
455705523	endodermis	A cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder.	62
455705524	pericycle	The outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.	63
455705525	lead primordia	Finger-like projections along the flanks of the apical meristem.	64
455705526	guard cells	These cells regulate the opening and closing of the pore.	65
455705527	mesophyll	A region between the upper and lower epidermis.	66
455705528	palisade mesophyll	One or two more layers of elongated cells on the upper part of the leaf.	67
455705529	leaf traces	Connections from vascular bundles in the stem that pass through petioles and into leaves.	68
455705530	bundle sheath	This consists of one or more layers of cells that enclose each vein.	69
455705531	secondary plant body	Tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium.	70
455705532	fusiform initials	These produce elongated cells such as the tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers of the xylem.	71
455705533	ray initials	These are shorter and oriented perpendicular to the stem or root axis that produce vascular rays.	72
455705534	heartwood	Layers of the trunk that are closer to the center of a stem or root.	73
455705535	sapwood	The outer layers that transport xylem sap in the trunk of trees.	74
455705536	lenticels	Small, raised areas that dot the periderm and enable living cells within a woody stem or root to exchange gases with the outside air.	75
455705537	bark	All the tissues external to the vascular camium in the tree trunk.	76
455705538	morphogenesis	The development of body form and organization.	77
455705539	systems biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.	78
455705540	asymmetrical cell division	One daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other is mitosis.	79
455705541	preprophase band	Microtubules in the cytoplasm that become concentrated into a ring.	80
455705542	pattern formation	The development of specific structures in specific locations	81
455705543	positional information	The form of signals that continuously indicate to each cell its location within a developing structure.	82
455705544	polarity	The condition of having structural differences at opposite ends of an organism.	83
455705545	phase changes	The morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity.	84
455705546	meristem identity genes	The transition from vegetative growth to flowering is associated with the switching-on of this.	85
455705547	organ identity genes	Genes that regulate the development of this characteristic floral pattern.They code from transcription factors.	86
455705548	ABS model	Model that identifies how these genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs.	87