AP World Civilizations Chapter 25 Flashcards

1259806936	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804.	0
1259806937	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed.	1
1259806938	Agustin de Iturbide	Conservatives Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.	2
1334859210	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia.	3
1334859211	Gran Colombia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.	4
1334859212	Jose de San Martin	Leader of independent movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well.	5
1334859213	Pedro I	Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.	6
1334859214	Andres Santa Cruz	Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.	7
1334859215	Caudillos	Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies;sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.	8
1334859216	Centralists	Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.	9
1334859217	Federalists	Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulations, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.	10
1334859218	Juan Manuel de Rosas	Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.	11
1334859219	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.	12
1334859220	Monroe Doctrine	American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin America trade.	13
1334859221	Guano	Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.	14
1334859222	Positivism	French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence.	15
1334859223	Aguste Comte	French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.	16
1334859224	Manifest Destiny	Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War.	17
1334859225	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America.	18
1334859226	Mexican-American War	Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States.	19
1334859227	Benito Juarez	Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death his death in 1872.	20
1334859228	Maximilian Von Habsburg	Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867.	21
1334859229	Argentine Republic	Replace state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralist and federalists.	22
1334859230	Domingo F. Sarmiento	Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation.	23
1334859231	Cientificos	Advisors of government of Porfirio Diaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization.	24
1334859232	Spanish-American War	War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.	25
1334859233	Panama Canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed in 1914.	26