AP US History IDs - THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION Flashcards

1076200695	King Cotton	a phrase used in the Southern United States to illustrate the importance of this crop to the Confederate economy during the American Civil War	0
1076200696	substistance farmers	self-sufficient farming when farmers only grow enough food to feed their family	1
1076200697	squatters	someone who settles on land they do not own (many 18th and 19th century settlers established themselves on land before it was surveyed and entered for sale, requesting the first right to purchase the land when sales began)	2
1076200699	G. Prosser	the first armed rebellion was organized by this man and 50 other slaves living near Richmond, VA (Prosser and 25 of his followers were executed and their owners received compensation)	3
1076200700	N. Turner	in 1831, he led about 30 slaves on a rampage through tidewater Virginia, killing about 60 men, woman, and children (the Southern States as a result enforced laws prohibiting the education of slaves and increased surveillance of free African Americans)	4
1076200701	American Colonization Society	reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, this organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement inteded as a haven for emancipated slaves	5
1076200702	T. Weld	abolitionist who appealed with a special power and directness in his rural audiences of untutored farmers; preached antislavery goespel	6
1076200703	W. Lloyd Garrison	most conspicious and most vilified of the abolitionists, published "The Liberator" in Boston, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society; favored Northern secession and renounced politics	7
1076200704	American Anti Slavery Society	abolitionist society founded by William Loyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery; by 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members	8
1076200705	S. Truth	freed black woman in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights	9
1076200706	F. Douglass	born a slave but escaped to the North and became a prominent black abolitionist; gifted orator, writer, and editor	10
1076200707	Liberty Party	America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840; when the party ran a presidential candidate in the 1844 election, it split the Republican vote and inadvertently tipped the 1844 election in favor of Democrat James Polk	11
1076200708	Gag Rule	prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals; driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, it passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams	12
1076200709	E. Lovejoy	an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views	13
1076200710	Wilmot Proviso	aimed to ban slavery in land gained from Mexico in the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848	14
1076200711	Popular Sovereignty	the idea that issues should be decided upon by the people (specifically, it applied to slavery, stating that the people in the territories should decide to legalize it or not)	15
1076200712	Free Soil Party	a party committed against the extension of slavery in the territories and one that also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers	16
1076200713	Underground Railroad	a secret organization that took runaway slaves north to Canada	17
1076200714	H. Tubman	she freed more than 300 slaves during 19 trips to the South	18
1076200715	Omnibus Bill	endorsed by Henry Clay, if it passed it would make California a free state and end the slave trade in D.C. (also promised the South tougher fugitive slave law)	19
1076200716	J. Calhoun	Southern spokesman who pleaded for states' rights, for slavery to be left alone, for the return of runaway slaves, the restoration of the rights of the South as a minority, and the return for political balance	20
1076200717	fire-eaters	Southerners who were passionate about the slavery issue	21
1076200718	W. Seward	a young senator from New York, he hated slavery, but he didn't seem to realize that the Union was built on compromise, and he said that Christian legislators must adhere to a "higher law" and not allow slavery to exist; this might have cost him the 1860 presidential election	22
1076200719	Compromise of 1850	for the North: California admitted as a free state Texas lost its territory of New Mexico and Oregon Slave trade became illegal in Washington D.C. for the South: popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession lands Fugitive Slave Law	23
1076200720	Fugitive Slave Act	(1) fleeing slaves couldn't testify on their own behalf, (2) the federal commissioner who handled the case got $5 if the slave was free and $10 if not, and (3) people who were ordered to help catch slaves had to do so, even if they didn't want to	24
1076200721	Ostend Manifesto	stated that the U.S. was to offer $120 million to Spain for Cuba, and if it refused and Spain's ownership of Cuba continued to endanger the U.S., then America would be justified in seizing the island	25
1076200722	Commodore Perry	he went into the harbor of Tokyo in 1854 and asked/forced them to open up their nation (this broke Japan's centuries-old tradition of isolation, and started them down a road of modernization and then imperialism and militarism)	26
1076200723	Gadsden Purchase	purchase of Mexico for 10 million for a transcontinental railroad	27
1076200724	S. Douglas	he orated on behalf of the Compromise of 1850 for the North, and proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act	28
1076200725	Kansas-Nebraska Act	would let slavery in Kansas and Nebraska be decided upon by popular sovereignty (directly wrecked the Missouri Compromise of 1820)	29
1076200726	H. Beecher Stowe	published Uncle Tom's Cabin, a popular book that awakened the passions of the North toward the evils of slavery	30
1076200727	H. Helper	a non-aristocratic white North Carolinian, who tried to prove, by an array of statistics, that the non-slave-holding Southern whites were really the ones most hurt by slavery	31
1076200728	Beecher's Bibles	the rifles that Henry Beecher bought with his money for those willing to oppose slavery in Kansas and Nebraska	32
1076200729	Lawrence Kansas	a group of pro-slavery raiders shot up and burnt part of this city, thus starting violence	33
1076200730	Pottawatomie Creek Massacre	John Brown led a band of followers to this place in 1856 and hacked to death five presumable pro-slaveryites	34
1076200731	Lecompten Constitution	provided that the people were only allowed to vote for the constitution "with slavery" or "without slavery" (angry free-soilers boycotted the polls and Kansas approved the constitution with slavery)	35
1076200732	Brooks-Sumner Incident	southern congressman beat an anti-slavery senator with a cane, cheered on by southerners	36
1076200733	Republican Party	began in the 1850s, dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs (comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers)	37
1076200734	Dred Scott Case	1857; a slave who sued the U.S. for his freedom after living in free territories - resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south	38
1076200735	A. Lincoln	inaugurated president in 1861 (he marked restoration of the union as his top goal, and offered doubts about it splitting)	39
1076200736	Freeport Doctrine	given by Douglas, said that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down; since power was held by the people	40
1076200737	John Brown	he led a raid of Harper's Ferry, Virginia, but the slaves didn't revolt, and he was captured by the U.S. Marines under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee and convicted of treason, sentenced to death, and hanged	41
1076200738	Constitutional Union Party	the "Know-Nothings" chose John Bell of Tennessee and called themselves this (they tried to mend fences and offered as their platform, simply, the Constitution)	42
1076200739	Secession crisis	Southerners threatened that Lincoln's election would result in this	43
1076200740	Confederacy	South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded and met in Montgomery, Alabama in 1861 and created	44
1076200741	Crittenden Compromise	would ban slavery north of the 36°30' line extended to the Pacific and would leave the issue in territories south of the line up to the people; also, existing slavery south of the line would be protected	45
1076200742	Fort Sumter	one of the few forts that hadn't joined the Confederacy, Lincoln chose to send supplies to it, and he told the South Carolinian governor that the ship to the fort only held provisions, not reinforcements (however, to the South, provisions were reinforcements, and on April 12, 1861, cannons were fired onto the fort; after 34 hours of non-lethal firing, the fort surrendered)	46
1076200743	Border States	(Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland) were crucial for both sides (they were slave states which hadn't seceded, but which could've at any moment)	47
1076200744	King Wheat/Corn	beat King Cotton of the South, since Europe needed the food much more than it needed the cotton	48
1076200745	Trent Affair	in 1861 a Union warship stopped the British mail steamer and removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe	49
1076200746	Alabama	sea vessel that escaped to the Portuguese Azores, took on weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South	50
1076200747	J. Davis	named president of the Confederacy, he was a former US senator as well as secretary of war (never really popular and he overworked himself)	51
1076200748	Habeus Corpus	a citizen's right to be brought promptly before a judge and told why he has been arrested (this is a Constitutional right which Lincoln suspended during the Civil War)	52
1076200749	Enrollment Act	in 1863, it said that every able-bodied white male citizen aged 20 to 45 now faced the draft	53
1076200750	Conscription Act	required all able bodied men from 17-45 to serve for 3 years	54
1076200751	Greenbacks	paper money issued by the Washington Treasury, very unstable	55
1076200752	Legal Tender Act	Lincoln signed this in 1862, authorizing $150 million in greenbacks	56
1076200753	Homestead Act	passed in 1862, it embodied the republican party's ideal of free soil, free labor and free men (granted 160 acres of public land to settlers after five years of residence on the land)	57
1076200754	Bull Run	in 1861, amateur armies clashed -Confederates were helped by some last minute reinforcements and by the disorganization of the attacking union, and won the battle	58
1076200755	G. McClellan	commander of the Army of the Potomac, the Union's main fighting force in the East (devised the Peninsula Campaign)	59
1076200756	Peninsula Campaign	McClellan decided upon a water-borne approach to Richmond, the South's capital, but it took him a month to capture Yorktown before coming to Richmond (disliked by Lincoln, and ended up not working)	60
1076200757	Antietam	McClellan's men were able to stop the Southerners here (the display of power by the union gave Lincoln encouragement to announce his Emancipation Proclamation)	61
1076200758	Emancipation Proclamation	didn't actually free the slaves, but gave the general idea; it was announced on January 1, 1863 (Lincoln said the slaves would be free in the seceded states but NOT the border states as doing so might anger them into seceding too)	62
1076200759	13th Amendment	states had to ratify this in order to be let back into the Union (it abolished slavery)	63
1076200760	Gettysburg	largest battle in the Western Hemisphere, after three days of fighting Lee retreats, 23,000 union casualties and 28,000 confederate casualties (hurt Southern hopes of victory on Northern soil)	64
1076200761	U. Grant	Union General, Mex-American war veteran; in 1861-62 he retained control of Missouri and Kentucky	65
1076200762	W. Sherman	mex-American war vet, union general who attacked Georgia and took Atlanta	66
1076200763	Copperheads	those who were totally against the war, and denounced the president	67
1076200764	Appomattox	Grant and his men captured Richmond, burnt it, and cornered Lee here 1865, where Lee formally surrendered; the war was over	68
1076200765	Exodusters	name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression	69
1076200766	Freedmen's Bureau	relief, education and employment of former slaves (40 acres of abandoned or confiscated land would be leased to each freedman or southern unionist with later option to buy)	70
1076200767	10% Plan	the southern states could be reintegrated into the Union if and when they had a certain percentage of voters pledge and take an oath to the Union	71
1076200768	Radical Republicans	felt punishment was due the South for all the years of strife (they feared that the leniency of the 10 % Plan would allow the Southerners to re-enslave the newly freed Blacks, so they rammed the Wade-Davis Bill through Congress)	72
1076200769	Wade Davis Bill	required 50% of the states' voters to take oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than the 10% Plan	73
1076200770	Black Codes	laws aimed at keeping the Black population in submission and workers in the fields	74
1076200771	Civil Rights Bill of 1866	conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes	75
1076200772	14th Amendment	(1) all Blacks were American citizens, (2) if a state denied citizenship to Blacks, then its representatives in the Electoral College were lowered, (3) former Confederates could not hold federal or state office, and (4) the federal debt was guaranteed while the Confederate one was repudiated	76
1076200773	T. Stevens	Radical Republican leader in the House (an old, sour man who was an unswerving friend of the Blacks)	77
1076200774	C. Sumner	Radical Republican leader in the Senate	78
1076200775	Reconstruction Act of 1867	divided the South into five military zones, temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates, and laid down new guidelines for the readmission of states	79
1076200776	15th Amendment	passed by Congress in 1869, gave Blacks their right to vote	80
1076200777	Scalawags	Southerners who were accused of plundering Southern treasuries and selling out the Southerners	81
1076200778	Carpetbaggers	Northerners accused of parasitically milking power and profit in a now-desolate South	82
1076200779	KKK	secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes	83
1076200780	Tenure of Office Act	provided that the president had to secure the consent of the Senate before removing his appointees once they had been approved by the Senate	84
1076200781	Seward's Folly	most of the public jeered at the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million	85
1076200782	Boss Tweed	employed bribery, graft, and fake elections to cheat NYC of as much as $200 million	86
1076200783	Thomas Nast	political cartoonist, constantly drew against Tammany's corruption	87
1076200784	Credit Mobiler Scandal	a railroad construction company paid itself huge sums of money for small railroad construction	88
1076200785	Liberal Republican Revolt	a power wave of disgust at Grant's administration was building, and reformers organized this party and nominated Horace Greeley (the campaign was filled with mudslinging)	89
1076200786	Amnesty Act of 1872	removed political disabilities from all but some 500 former Confederate leaders in 1872	90
1076200787	Election of 1876	Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, while the Democrats ran Samuel Tilden (Tilden getting 184 votes out of a needed 185 in the Electoral College, but votes in four states, Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida, and part of Oregon, were unsure and disputed)	91
1076200788	Compromise of 1877	the Senate and the House met to settle the dispute, and eventually, Hayes became president (also, military rule in the South ended)	92
1076200789	Sharecropping	most blacks resorted to this, providing nothing but labor	93
1076200790	Crop-lien System	system that allowed farmers to get more credit (they used harvested crops to pay back their loans)	94
1076200791	Jim Crow Laws	segregation was legalized through this	95
1076200792	Plessy v. Ferguson	Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional	96
1076200793	US v. Reese	an 1876 voting rights case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld such practices as the poll tax and the literacy test	97