Biology M01, Campbell Essential Biology: Chapter 4 Flashcards

Campbell essential biology topic list

854679425	Cell theory	all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells.	0
854679426	Plasma membrane	controls what goes into and out of the cell.	1
854679427	Cytoplasm	cells have a thick, jelly-like fluid full of enzymes.	2
854679428	Chromosome	cells have one or more carrying genes made of DNA	3
854679429	Ribosome	tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions from the DNA	4
854679430	Cell junctions	structures that connect cells together into tissues, allowing them to function in a coordinated way.	5
854679431	Nucleus	a membrane bound structure that houses most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA	6
854679432	Organelles	membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions	7
854679433	Nuclear envelope	membrane tha separated the nucleus from the cytoplasm	8
854679434	Nucleolus	dark spot in the nucleus where ribosomes are made	9
854679435	The process of protein synthesis	the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA	10
854679436	Pathway of the endomembrane system	the collective membranes of the eukaryotic cell that regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell, all related through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicles	11
854679437	Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough RE)	produces proteins- it is called rough because it is studded with ribosomes. These ribosomes produce membrane proteins and secretory proteins	12
854679438	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth RE)	produces lipids such as steroids and other hormones. Helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs. Smooth because it does not have ribosomes	13
854679439	Transport Vesicle	sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER. Some products manufactured by rough ER are dispatched to other locations in the cell using it.	14
854679440	Golgi aparatus	works in partnership with the ER. Receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell.	15
854679441	Lysosome	is a membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. break down large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids. Destroy harmful bacteria, break down damaged organelles, and sculpt tissues during embryonic development, helping to form structures such as fing.	16
854679442	Vacuole	are large sacs of membrane that bud from the ER, golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane. (Plants) Store organic nutrients, absorb water, and may quarantine pigments or poisons.	17
854679443	Photosynthesis	is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar and other organic molecules.	18
854679444	Chloroplast	Use energy produced by the sun to make glucose and cellular components	19
854679445	Mitochondria	Use glucose to produce cellular energy, ATP. Found in both animal AND plant cells.	20
854679446	Mitochondria structure	Consists of an envelope of two membranes enclose the mitochondrion: an outer smooth membrane and an inner membrane that has numerous infoldings called cristae and encloses a thick fluid called the matrix	21
854679447	Cellular Respiration	the conversion of chemical energy of sugar to the cellular energy of ATP by the mitichondria	22
854679448	Endosymbiant theory and support	Several lines of support suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that were incorporated into the eukaryotic cell in the distant past. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have: extra membranes, their own DNA, their own Ribosomes, and can make their own proteins. In addition, they divide independently of the cell they are in, acting like prokaryotes living inside a eukaryote.	23
854679449	Cytoskeleton	is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Provides mechanical support to the cell. Helps a cell maintain its shape. Helps the cell move.	24
854679450	Microtubules	are straight and hollow tubes that guide the movement of organelles and chromosomes. Cytoskeleton contains several types of fibers made from different proteins.	25
854679451	Intermediate filaments and microfilaments	are thinner and are located right under the cell membrane to help with its structure. Cytoskeleton contains several types of fibers made from different proteins.	26
854679452	Flagella	propel the cell through their undulating, whiplike motion. Motile appendages, made of microtubules, that aid in movement.	27
854679453	Cilia	move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion. Motile appendages, made of microtubules, that aid in movement.	28
854679454	Cell wall	a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell, strong wall outside a plant cell's plasma membrane that protects the cell and maintains its shape	29
854679455	Extracellular Matrix	The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides. Have lysosomes- bubbles of digestive enzymes surrounded by membrane.	30