Honors Biology Ch 15,16,17 Evolution Flashcards

1366810334	Evolution	Change over time	0
1366810335	Theory	Well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world	1
1366810336	Beagle	Ship Darwin sailed on	2
1366810337	Darwin's observations led to a	Revolutionary theory about the way life changes	3
1366810338	Darwin did research on the	Galápagos Islands	4
1366810339	Fossils	Preserved remains of ancient organisms	5
1366810340	Darwin wrote	The Origin of Species	6
1366810341	James Hutton	Proposed that Earth is shaped by geological forces	7
1366810342	Thomas Malthus	Predicts the human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it	8
1366810343	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck	Hypothesized the inheritance of acquired traits	9
1366810344	Charles Darwin	Proposed the theory of evolution	10
1366810345	Charles Lyell	Explains that processes occurring now have shaped Earth's geological features over long periods of time	11
1366810346	Alfred Wallace	Speculates on evolution by natural selection	12
1366810347	Artificial selection	Nature provided the variation, and humans selected those variations that they found useful	13
1366810348	Struggle for existence	Members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life	14
1366810349	Fitness	Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment	15
1366810350	Adaptation	Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival	16
1366810351	Survival of the fittest	Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment either die or leave few offspring. Individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully	17
1366810352	Natural selection	Results in changes (that increase a species' fitness in its environment) in the inherited characteristics of a population.	18
1366810353	Descent with modification	Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time	19
1366810354	Common descent	All species were derived from common ancestors	20
1366810355	Evidence of evolution	Fossil record, geographic distribution of living species, homologous body structures, and similarities in embryology	21
1366810356	Homologous structures	Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues	22
1366810357	Vestigial organs	Traces of organs that were used in other species	23
1366810358	Sources of genetic variation	Mutations and gene shuffling	24
1366810359	Gene pool	Consists of all genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in a population.	25
1366810360	Relative frequency (of an allele)	Number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur	26
1366810361	The number of phenotype a produced for a given trait depends on	How many genes control the trait	27
1366810362	Single-gene trait	Controlled by a single gene that has two alleles	28
1366810363	Polygenic traits	Many traits that are controlled by two or more genes	29
1366810364	Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to	Changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution	30
1366810365	Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways:	Directional selection, stabilizing selection, or disruptive selection	31
1366810366	Directional selection	When individuals at one end if the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end.	32
1366810367	Stabilizing selection	When individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve.	33
1366810368	Disruptive selection	When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle	34
1366810369	Genetic drift	Random change in allele frequency	35
1366810370	Over time, a series of chance occurrences can cause	An allele to become common in a population	36
1366810371	Founder effect	Allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population	37
1366810372	Hardy-Weinberg principle	States that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change	38
1366810373	Genetic equilibrium	Situation in which allele frequencies remain constant	39
1366810374	The five conditions that are requires to maintain genetic equilibrium in a population	Random mating, large population, no movement into or out of the population, no mutations, and no natural selection	40
1366810375	Speciation	Formation of new species	41
1366810376	As new species evolve	Populations become reproductively isolated from each other	42
1366810377	Reproductive isolation	When the member of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring	43
1366810378	Behavioral isolation	When two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies that involve behavior	44
1366810379	Geographic isolation	When two populations are separated by geographic barriers	45
1366810380	Temporal isolation	When two or more species reproduce at different times	46
1366810381	Peter and Rosemary Grant have demonstrated that	Natural selection is still a force in the evolution of the Galápagos finches	47
1366810382	Speciation in Darwin's finches occurred by	Founding of a new population, geographic isolation, changes in the new population's gene pool, reproductive isolation, and ecological competition	48
1366810383	Macroevolution	Large-scale evolution are patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time	49
1366810384	Six important topics in macroevolution	Extinction, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, coevolution, punctuated equilibrium, and changes in developmental genes	50
1366810385	Adaptive radiation	A single species or a small group of species has evolved into diverse forms that live on different ways	51
1366810386	Convergent evolution	Unrelated organisms come to resemble one another	52
1366810387	Coevolution	Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time	53
1366810388	Punctuated equilibrium	Pattern if long, stable period interrupted by brief period of more rapid change	54
1366810389	Changes in the expression of developmental genes may	Explain how these difference evolved	55
1366810390	Mass extinction	Many types of living things became extinct at the same time	56
1366810391	Endosymbiotic theory	Proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms	57
1366810392	Paleontologists	Scientists who study fossils	58
1366810393	Fossil record	Information about the past life	59
1366810394	Extinct	The species died out	60
1366810395	The fossil record provides	Evidence about the history of life on Earth	61
1366810396	Relative dating	Determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placements with that if fossils in other layers of rock	62
1366810397	Index fossils	Species that are easily recognized, had existed for a short period of time, and have a wide geographic range	63
1366810398	Half-life	Length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay	64
1366810399	Radioactive dating	Use of half-lives to determine the age of a sample	65
1366810400	Geologic time scale	Paleontologists use these divisions to represent evolutionary time	66
1370160584	Analogous body structures	Same function, different structure	67