Unit 11: Feeding the World Flashcards

APES Unit 11: Feeding the world

2194714355	Undernutrition	The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain a healthy diet.	0
2194714356	Malnourished	Having a diet that lacks a correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.	1
2194714357	Food Security	A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.	2
2194714358	Food Insecurity	A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food.	3
2194714359	Famine	The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period.	4
2194714360	Anemia	A deficiency of iron.	5
2194714361	Overnutrition	Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods.	6
2194714362	Meat	Livestock or poultry consumed as food.	7
2194714363	Conventional (Industrial) Agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization.	8
2194714364	Energy Subsidy	The energy input per calorie of food produced.	9
2194714365	Green Revolution	A shift in agricultural practices in the 20th century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output.	10
2194714366	Economies of Scale	The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.	11
2194714367	Waterlogging	A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains underwater for prolonged periods.	12
2194714368	Salinization	A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.	13
2194714369	Organic Fertilizers	Fertilizers composed of organic matter from plants and animals.	14
2194714370	Synthetic (inorganic) Fertilizers	Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels.	15
2194714371	Monocropping	An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety.	16
2194714372	Pesticides	Substances, either natural or synthetic, that kill or control organisms that people consider pests.	17
2194714373	Insecticides	Pesticides that target species of insects and other invertebrates.	18
2194714374	Herbicides	Pesticides that target plant species that compete with crop.	19
2194714375	Broad-Spectrum Pesticides	Pesticides that kill many different types of pests.	20
2194714376	Selective Pesticides	Pesticides that target a narrower range of pests.	21
2194714377	Persistent Pesticides	Pesticides that remain in the environment for a long time.	22
2194714378	Bioaccumulation	An increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time.	23
2194714379	Non-Persistent Pesticides	A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months.	24
2194714380	Resistant	The few individuals that are not as persistent to a pesticide as others and may survive.	25
2194714381	Pesticide Treadmill	A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pesticide resistance, followed by new pesticide development.	26
2194714382	Shifting Agriculture	An agricultural method in which the land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of its nutrients.	27
2194714383	Desertification	The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate.	28
2194714384	Nomadic Grazing	Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances.	29
2194714385	Sustainable Agriculture	Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability (viability = capable of normal growth) for the farmer.	30
2194714386	Intercropping	An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote synergistic interaction.	31
2194714387	Crop Rotation	An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season.	32
2194714388	Agroforestry	An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are inter-cropped.	33
2194714389	Contour Plowing	An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land.	34
2194714390	Non-Till Agriculture	An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion.	35
2194714391	Integrated Pest Management	An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.	36
2194714392	Organic Agriculture	Production of crops with the goal of improving the soil each year without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.	37
2194714393	Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations	A large indoor or outdoor structure used to raise animals at very high densities.	38
2194714394	Fishery	A commercially harvest-able population of fish within a particular geographical region.	39
2194714395	Fishery Collapse	The decline of a fish population by 90% or more.	40
2194714396	Bycatch	The unintentional catch of non-target species while fishing.	41
2194714397	Individual Transferable Quotas	A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell.	42
2194714398	Aquaculture	Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds.	43
2194715158	Conventional Agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	44