Campbell Biology 7th Edition: Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene Flashcards

1886066491	Molecular biology	The study of heredity at the molecular level	0
1886066492	Bacteriophages	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.	1
1886066493	Nucleotides	Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases	2
1886066494	Polynucleotide	A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together	3
1886066495	Sugar-phosphate backbone	The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached	4
1886066496	DNA	(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.	5
1886066497	Thymine	A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.	6
1886066498	Cytosine	A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.	7
1886066499	Adenine	A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base.	8
1886066500	Guanine	A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base.	9
1886066501	Uracil	A nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine	10
1886066502	Double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.	11
1886066503	Semiconservative model	Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. Watson and Crick's model.	12
1886066504	Origins of replication	Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.	13
1886066505	DNA polymerases	Enzyme that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand. Add nucleotides to the 3' end and never to the 5' end.	14
1886066506	DNA ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.	15
1886066507	Transcription	The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	16
1886066508	Translation	The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm	17
1886066509	Triplet code	A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	18
1886066510	Codons	A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.	19
1886066511	Genetic code	A set of rules that defines how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.	20
1886066512	RNA polymerase	An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.	21
1886066513	Terminator	A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene	22
1886066514	Messenger RNA	(mRNA) RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell	23
1886066515	Introns	A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.	24
1886066516	Exons	A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.	25
1886066517	RNA splicing	Process by which introns are removed and exons are joined together.	26
1886066518	Transfer RNA	(tRNA) Converts the words of codons to the amino acid words of proteins	27
1886066519	Anticodon	A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.	28
1886066520	Ribosomes	Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.	29
1886066521	Ribosomal RNA	(rRNA) The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.	30
1886066522	Start codon	A specific codon (AUG) that signals to the ribosome that the translation commences at that point	31
1886066523	Codon recognition	the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome	32
1886066524	Peptide bond formation	The polypeptide separates from the tRNA to which it was bound and attaches to a peptide bond to the aminno acid carried by the rRNA in the A site.	33
1886066525	Translocation	Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome	34
1886066526	Stop codon	UAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA.	35
1886066527	Mutation	A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule	36
1886066528	Silent mutation	A mutation that changes the codon triplet of nucleotides; however, the codon still codes for the same protein as before the mutation.	37
1886066529	Missense mutation	A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.	38
1886066530	Nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	39
1886066531	Reading frame	The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons	40
1886066532	Mutagenesis	The creation of a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.	41
1886066533	Mutagens	A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.	42
1886066534	Virus	A piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data.	43
1886066535	Capsid	Outer protein coat of a virus	44
1886066536	Lytic cycle	A viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses	45
1886066537	Lysogenic cycle	A viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA	46
1886066538	Prophage	The viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA	47
1886066539	Emerging viruses	A virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists	48
1886066540	AIDS	(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood	49
1886066541	HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus	50
1886066542	Reverse transcriptase	An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.	51
1886066543	Retroviruses	An RNA virus tha treplicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome.	52
1886066544	Viroids	Circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth	53
1886066545	Prions	Infectious proteins responsible for several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and other animals.	54
1886066546	Transformation	Modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA	55
1886066547	Transduction	The process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage	56
1886066548	Conjunction	Union of two bacterial cell, this is the DNA transfer between them	57
1886066549	F Factor	A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. It may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.	58
1886066550	Plasmid	A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome	59
1886066551	R plasmids	A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.	60