Consciousness, Brain, and Behavior Flashcards
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| 2472312469 | List the levels of alertness from most alert to least? | awake, drowsy, asleep, coma, death | 0 | |
| 2472315559 | EEG measure what? | wave-like patterns used to monitor internal neural activity in the brain and ives info about the location of abnormal activity in the brain | 1 | |
| 2472321062 | what type waves are recorded when the eyes are closed and the person is relaxed? | alpha waves (more spikes and peaks) | 2 | |
| 2472321799 | what types of waves are recorded when the person is alert? | beta waves (more flat) | 3 | |
| 2472329246 | why is sleep so important? (3) | 1. conserves energy 2. repairs and restores 3. helps with learning and memory consolidation | 4 | |
| 2472335230 | what does the circadian rhythm serve to regulate? | sleep/wake cycle, frequency of eating, body temp, hormones, volume of urination, sensitivity to drugs | 5 | |
| 2472338689 | T/F: the circadian rhythm changes as a function of age? | true | 6 | |
| 2472341177 | T/F: the circadian rhythm remains consistent despite the lack of environmental cues indicating the time of day? | true | 7 | |
| 2472344692 | T/F: the circadian rhythm is similar between most people and lead similar wakefulness and alertness patterns | False; it differs between people | 8 | |
| 2472347517 | T/F: the circadian rhythm runs fast in bright light so subjects have trouble sleeping | True | 9 | |
| 2472351480 | What is the duration of one EEG cycle? | 90 mins | 10 | |
| 2472352965 | how many cycles typically occurs in one night of sleep? | 4-8 cycles | 11 | |
| 2472357574 | In what stage of sleep do we see: - alpha waves - EEG is irregular, jagged, low voltage waves -Brain activity is declining -some thea waves interspersed | Stage 1 | 12 | |
| 2472358907 | In what stage of sleep do we see: -sleep spindles -K complexes with sharp high amplitudes negative waves followed by smaller, slower positive waves | Stage 2 | 13 | |
| 2472368854 | In what stage of sleep do we see: -slow wave sleep (SWS) -EEG records slow, large amplitude waves -slow heart rate and breath -slow brain activity -highly synchronized neuronal activity | Stage 3 & 4 | 14 | |
| 2472370289 | In what stage of sleep do we see 20-50% delta activity | Stage 3 | 15 | |
| 2472371342 | In what stage of sleep do we see greater than 50% delta waves? | Stage 4 | 16 | |
| 2472372901 | A period characterized by rapid eye movement during sleep? | REM | 17 | |
| 2472373756 | REM is also known as? | paradoxical sleep because its deep sleep in some ways but its light sleep in other ways | 18 | |
| 2472375777 | In what stage of sleep do we see irregular, low-voltage, and fast waves | REM | 19 | |
| 2472376863 | In what stage of sleep do we see postural muscles of the body more relaxed than in other stages | REM | 20 | |
| 2472378913 | T/F: as the sleep cycle progresses REM sleep gets shorter and shorter | False; REM sleep gets longer | 21 | |
| 2472386051 | What 4 areas of the brain control the sleep wake cycle? | 1. suprachiasmatic nucleus 2. pineal 3. locus coerulus 4. raphe nuclei | 22 | |
| 2472390887 | what are the 2 sleep centers of the hypothalamus? | 1. posterior hypothalamus (tuberomammillary region) 2. anterior preoptic & basal forebrain of Meynert | 23 | |
| 2472393204 | what area of the hypothalamus: -promotes alertness -uses histamine as a neurotransmitter -orexin | posterior hypothalamus | 24 | |
| 2472395814 | What area of the hypothalamus: 1. has the suprachiasmatic nucleus that controls the circadian rhythm 2. promotes sleep 3. inhibits the posterior hypothalamus region | anterior preoptic & basal forebrain of Meynert | 25 | |
| 2472401324 | what 2 hormones are part of the aminergic activating system? | norepinephrine and serotonin | 26 | |
| 2472402660 | what hormone is part of the cholinergic activating system? | acetylcholine | 27 | |
| 2472404025 | What would an increases in norepinephrine/serotonin and decrease in acetylecholine do | promote wakefulness | 28 | |
| 2472406350 | what would a decrease in norepinephrine/serotonin and increases in acetylcholine do? | promote REM sleep | 29 | |
| 2472408288 | what would increase activation of the thalamus, increases histamine, and decrease GABA do? | promote wakefulness | 30 | |
| 2472409752 | what would a decreases in activation of the thalamus, decrease histamine and increase GABA do? | promote NREM sleep | 31 | |
| 2472413773 | what center controls the activation and inactivation of the thalamus and cortex | hypothalamus and circadian centers | 32 | |
| 2472417629 | what neurotransmitter are involved in promoting wakefulness (3)? | acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin | 33 | |
| 2472423365 | what neurotransmitter is involved in decreasing sleep | acetylcholine, norephinephrine, serotonin | 34 | |
| 2472429897 | what neurotransmitter is involved turning REM sleep on? | acetylecholine | 35 | |
| 2472431522 | what neurotransmitters are involved in turning REM sleep off? | serotonin& norepinephrine | 36 | |
| 2472434691 | suprachiasmatic nucleus is also known as the | circadian rhythm center | 37 | |
| 2472435638 | the circadian rhythm controls | 1. genes that produce certain proteins 2. hormone levels = melatonin | 38 | |
| 2472438300 | what structure is part of the hypothalamus and the main control center of the circadian rhythm for sleep and temperature | suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | 39 | |
| 2472440130 | if the suprachiasmatic nucleus is damage what can result | less constant body rhythms that are no longer synchronized with the environmental patterns of light and dark | 40 | |
| 2472442512 | what 2 types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm? | Per and Tim gene | 41 | |
| 2472443068 | the Per gene controls what? | period of time | 42 | |
| 2472444120 | the Tim gene controls what? | timelessness | 43 | |
| 2472444944 | mutations on what gene would result in an odd circadian rhythm | Per gene | 44 | |
| 2472446542 | the SCN regulates what gland for endocrine control ? | pineal gland | 45 | |
| 2472447593 | the pineal gland secretes this hormone ? | melatonin | 46 | |
| 2472449315 | What is the term that describes the external cues which help to set the circadian rhythm? | zeitgebers | 47 | |
| 2472450523 | what is an important factor for zeitgebers | light | 48 | |
| 2472451117 | a human free-running cycle is how long | 25 hrs | 49 | |
| 2472455379 | what term describes a state of unconsciousness lasting more than 6 hours, the person fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound. There is a lack in normal sleep-wake cycle, and there is no voluntary action | coma | 50 | |
| 2472459969 | what term describes the absence of brainstem and cerebral function. Sometimes there is a flat EEG for 30 mins and there is a great reduction in cerebral circulation | brain death | 51 | |
| 2472462352 | a term that describes things we are aware of that include internal and external with sensory awareness being obvious aspects | conscious experience | 52 | |
| 2472463061 | fatigue, thirst, and happiness are all examples of what? | conscious experience | 53 | |
| 2472464331 | To avoid distraction of irrelevant stimuli, while focusing on stimuli that are important | selective attention | 54 | |
| 2472465262 | process of procedure that occurs in response to a repeated stimulus | habitutation | 55 | |
| 2472466806 | a decrease in elicited behavior resulting from repeated presentation of an elicting stimulus | process | 56 | |
| 2472469862 | repeated presentation of eliciting stimulus that may result from habitutation, sensitization, or habitual processing | procedure | 57 | |
| 2472472741 | the locus coeruleus improves what | information processing for selective attention | 58 | |
| 2472473671 | the cerebral cortex helps with attention how? | association area that directs attention and improves info processing during directed attention | 59 | |
| 2472475822 | neural damage in the right parietal lobe results in what? | unilateral perception of the visual world | 60 | |
| 2472480601 | what term best describes behavior that is directly related to homeostasis? | primary motivated behavior | 61 | |
| 2472481564 | what term best describes behavior that is not directly related to homeostasis. Influenced by habit, learning, intellect, and emotions | secondary motivation behavior | 62 | |
| 2472485627 | which area of the brain do psychoactive drugs target to change behavior? | mesolimbic dopamine pathway | 63 | |
| 2472489261 | what term describes a relationship between an individual and the environment based on the individual's evaluation of the environment? | emotion | 64 | |
| 2472490027 | what are the anatomical sites where emotion is controlled (3) | cerebral cortex, forebrain, and limbic system | 65 | |
| 2472491042 | emotional behavior is controlled by what ? (2) | hormones and autonomic expression of response | 66 | |
| 2472496296 | what is difference between motivation and emotion? | motivation is controlled by habit and what we have learned, whether or not an event is rewarding or penalizes us emotion plays a part in motivation because it affects how we see a situation | 67 | |
| 2472502794 | what 4 things does the limbic system control | 1. learning 2. motivation 3. appetite 4. emotional response | 68 | |
| 2472504562 | what type of memory is associated with actual events in a person's direct experience | declarative memory | 69 | |
| 2472507629 | what type of memory is associated with knowledge of the sequence of events and the relationship between events | procedural memory | 70 | |
| 2472509283 | short term declarative memory is controlled by? | hippocampus | 71 | |
| 2472511917 | long term procedural memory is controlled by | basal nuclei, cerebellum, and sensorimotor cortex | 72 | |
| 2472514165 | memory is related to | strength of synaptic connections | 73 | |
| 2472515581 | what term says that repeated stimulation of a pathway, increases the synaptic strength of that pathway | Hebbian rules | 74 | |
| 2472535248 | what disease involves memory loss in otherwise alert patients and impairment in at least one other area: language, problem solving, attention, or perception | alzheimers dementia | 75 | |
| 2472537858 | what 3 factors can lead to Alzheimer's disease? | 1. neurofibrillary tangles in the cell due to normal aging 2. large extracellular amyloid plaque 3. loss of cholinergic neurones in the forebrain | 76 | |
| 2472622513 | Wernicke's area controls what? | the ability to formulate and processes sentences | 77 | |
| 2472623361 | broca's areas controls what? | the ability to speak and form words | 78 | |
| 2472712528 | what happens if the wernicke's area is damaged? | you can still speak but your sentences will not make sense, you will add in or leave out certain works and you cannot comprehend other people's sentences | 79 | |
| 2472714987 | what happens if the broca's area is damaged? | you will not be able to speak correctly, there will be halting speech, disordered grammar, but you can fully understand what others are saying | 80 | |
| 2472720443 | term that describes an increase amount of drug needed for decreasing effects | tolerance | 81 | |
| 2472721579 | term that describes symptoms that appear upon the stopped usage of a drug | withdrawal | 82 | |
| 2472727867 | what is the mechanism for tolerance and withdrawal? | 1. the drug will decrease the secretion of the endogenous ligand 2. increasing its degradation by enzymes or down regulation of receptors 3. the messenger lessens over time and more and more drug will be required to get the same affects 4. when a person stops using there will be a lower amount of activity in the neurotransmitter pathway which will bring on withdrawal | 83 | |
| 2472733464 | Mushrooms and dimethyltryptamine is similar to which neurotransmitter? | serotonin | 84 | |
| 2472734995 | speed and adderall are similar to which neurotransmitter? | dopamine | 85 | |
| 2472743495 | a term that describes the disturbance in the ability to communicate | aphasia | 86 | |
| 2472744101 | language is controlled by what side of the brain? | left side | 87 |