Biology EOC vocabulary Flashcards

terms for EOC Biology

1542912213	Abiotic factor	"Any nonliving component of an ecosystem (e.g., sunlight, air, water, soil)"	0
1542912214	Activation energy	The kinetic energy required to initiate a chemical reaction	1
1542912215	Active transport	The movement of a substance across a plasma (cell) membrane against a concentration gradient	2
1542912216	Adhesion	The property of sticking to some other substance	3
1542912217	Aerobic respiration	Growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen	4
1542912218	Alcoholic fermentation	The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol	5
1542912219	Alleles	"Alternate forms of a gene or DNA sequence, which occur on either of two homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism"	6
1542912220	Alternation of generation	Alternating sexual and asexual generation reproduction	7
1542912221	Amino acid	"Any of 20 basic building blocks of proteins--composed of a free amino (NH2) end, a free carboxyl (COOH) end, and a side group (R)"	8
1542912222	Anaerobic respiration	Growing or metabolizing only in the absence of molecular oxygen	9
1542912223	Anaphase	"Third phase of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell"	10
1542912224	Antibiotic resistance	The ability of a microorganism to produce a protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of the antibiotic into the cell	11
1542912225	Applied science	The practical use of scientific information to improve human life	12
1542912226	Artificial selection	Breeding organisms by humans for specific phenotypic characteristics	13
1542912227	Asexual reproduction	Nonsexual means of reproduction which can include grafting and budding	14
1542912228	Autotroph	An organism that uses energy to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic substances	15
1542912229	Bacteria	"A single-celled, microscopic prokaryotic organism"	16
1542912230	Base pair (bp)	A pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule	17
1542912231	Biodiversity	The wide diversity and interrelatedness of earth organisms based on genetic and environmental factors	18
1542912232	Biological evolution	Change in allele frequency of a species or population over time	19
1542912233	Biome	A geographic area characterized by specific kinds of plants and animals	20
1542912234	Biosphere	The area on and around Earth where life exists	21
1542912235	Biotic factor	A living component of an ecosystem	22
1542912236	Carbohydrates	"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"	23
1542912237	Cell cycle	"The events of cell division; includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis"	24
1542912238	Cellular respiration	The process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox (chemical) reactions	25
1542912239	Cell theory	"The theory that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic units of organisms, and that cells come only from existing cells"	26
1542912240	Centromere	The central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division	27
1542912241	Chloroplasts	A plastid containing chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis	28
1542912242	Chromatid	Each of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis.	29
1542912243	Chromosome	"A single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strand of DNA"	30
1542912244	Chromosome theory of heredity	The theory that states that genes are located on chromosomes and that each gene occupies a specific place on a chromosome	31
1542912245	Citric acid cycle (Kreb's)	Series of chemical reactions in aerobic respiration in which a acetyl coenzyme A is completely degraded to carbon dioxide and water with the release of metabolic energy that is used to produce ATP; also known as Kreb's cycle	32
1542912246	Cladogram	A branching diagram that illustrates taxonomic relationships based on the principles of claudistics	33
1542912247	Codominance	An inheritance relationship in which neither of two alleles of the same gene totally mask the other	34
1542912248	Cohesion	The property of sticking together; like substances sticking together	35
1542912249	Commensalism	The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is advantageous to one and doesn't affect the other(s)	36
1542912250	Community	All the populations in one area	37
1542912251	Cytokinesis	The division of cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells	38
1542912252	Cytoskeleton	Framework of the cell composed of a variety of filaments and fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement	39
1542912253	Deletion	Chromosome abnormality in which part of the chromosome is missing; loss of one or more base pairs from DNA which can result in a frameshift	40
1542912254	Dichotomous key (classification key)	Classification tool used in identifying organisms or materials	41
1542912255	Diffusion	The process by which molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration	42
1542912256	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)	"An organic acid and polymer composed of four nitrogenous bases--adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; the genetic material of most organisms; exists as a double-stranded molecule held together by hydrogen bonds "	43
1542912257	Domain	"Taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdom (e.g., Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)"	44
1542912258	Dominance	A characteristic in which an allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele	45
1542912259	Double helix	"The DNA molecule, resembling a spiral staircase in which the paired bases form the steps and the sugar-phosphate backbones form the rails"	46
1542912260	Ecology	The study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other	47
1542912261	Ecosystem	The organisms in a plant population and the biotic and abiotic factors which impact on them	48
1542912262	Electron transport chain	Series of chemical reactions in the thylakoid membrane or inner mitochondrial membrane during which hydrogens or their electrons are passed along with the release of energy	49
1542912263	Endergonic reaction	A reaction requiring a net input of free energy	50
1542912264	Endocytosis	The process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances	51
1542912265	Energetics	Use of energy	52
1542912266	Energy pyramid	Summarizes interactions of matter and energy at each trophic level	53
1542912267	Enzymes	Proteins that control the various steps in all chemical reactions	54
1542912268	Epidemic	An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads widely and rapidly	55
1542912269	Eukaryote	"An organism whose cells possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound vesicles, including all members of the protist, fungi, plant and animal kingdoms; and excluding viruses, bacteria, and blue-green algae"	56
1542912270	Evolution	The long-term process through which a population of organisms accumulates genetic changes that enable its members to successfully adapt to environmental conditions and to better exploit food resources	57
1542912271	Exergonic reaction	A reaction that gives off free energy	58
1542912272	Exocytosis	The process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with a cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment	59
1542912273	Frameshift mutation	A mutation that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of the change in the reading frame	60
1542912274	Fungi	Microorganisms that lacks chlorophyll	61
1542912275	Gamete	"A haploid sex cell, egg or sperm, that contains a single copy of each chromosome"	62
1542912276	Gene	The functional unit of heredity; a locus on a chromosome that encodes a specific protein or several related proteins	63
1542912277	Genome	"The complete genetic material contained in an individual; the genetic complement contained in the chromosomes of a given organism, usually the haploid chromosome state"	64
1542912278	Genotype	The structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait	65
1542912279	Genus	A category including closely related species; interbreeding between organisms within the same category can occur	66
1542912280	Germ Theory of Disease (Koch's Postulates)	A set of criteria used to establish that a particular infectious agent causes a disease	67
1542912281	Glycolysis	A pathway in which glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid	68
1542912282	Heterotroph	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating organisms or their by-products	69
1542912283	Homeostasis	The stable internal conditions of a living thing	70
1542912284	Host	Animal or plant on which or in which another organism lives	71
1542912285	Human Genome Project	A project coordinated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy (DOE) to determine the entire nucleotide sequence of the human chromosomes	72
1542912286	Hydrogen bond	A relatively weak bond formed between any hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen with an unshared electron pair	73
1542912287	Hypotheses	Statement or predictions that can be tested	74
1542912288	Incomplete dominance	"A condition where a heterozygous off- spring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the parental phenotypes"	75
1542912289	Independent assortment	The law stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis	76
1542912290	Interphase	Period of time where a cell carries on metabolism and replicates chromosomes prior to cell division	77
1542912291	Inversion	A mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation	78
1542912292	k-strategist	"Species characterized by slow maturation, few young, slow population growth and reproduction late in life"	79
1542912293	Karyotype	"All of the chromosomes in a cell or an individual organism, visible through a microscope during cell division"	80
1542912294	Law	An observation that happens every time under a certain set of conditions	81
1542912295	Lactic acid fermentation	The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid	82
1542912296	Light dependent	Reaction of photosynthesis that requires light; light energy is absorbed converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH	83
1542912297	Light independent	The fixing of carbon dioxide in a 3 carbon compound for use in sugar production or other end products	84
1542912298	Lipid	Any of a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents; serve as energy storage and are important components of cell membranes	85
1542912299	Lysogenic cycle	"A type or phase of the virus life cycle during which the virus integrates into the host chromosome of the infected cell, often remaining essentially dormant for some period of time"	86
1542912300	Lytic cycle	"A phase of the virus life cycle during which the virus replicates within the host cell, releasing a new generation of viruses when the infected cell lyses"	87
1542912301	Mass extinction	One of the brief periods of time during which large numbers of species disappeared	88
1542912302	Meiosis	The reduction division process by which haploid gametes and spores are formed consisting of a single duplication of the genetic material followed by two mitotic divisions	89
1542912303	Metaphase	Second phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell	90
1542912304	Microbe	A microorganism	91
1542912305	Mitochondria	Organelles that are the sites of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells	92
1542912306	Mitosis	The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes	93
1542912307	Molecular biology	The study of the biochemical and molecular interactions within living cells	94
1542912308	Molecular genetics	The branch of genetics that deals with the expression of genes by studying the DNA sequences of chromosomes	95
1542912309	Multiple alleles	Three or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait	96
1542912310	Mutation	An alteration in DNA structure or sequence of a gene	97
1542912311	Mutualism	A form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from living together	98
1542912312	Natural selection	The differential survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources	99
1542912313	Nitrogenous bases	"The purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) that comprise DNA and RNA molecules"	100
1542912314	Nonvascular plant	"A plant that lacks vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves"	101
1542912315	Nucleic acids	"The two nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are made up of long chains of molecules called nucleotides"	102
1542912316	Nucleotide	"A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group"	103
1542912317	Nucleus	The membrane-bound region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes	104
1542912318	Organelle	A cell structure that carries out a specialized function in the life of a cell	105
1542912319	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	106
1542912320	Parasitism	The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is harmful to at least one	107
1542912321	Passive transport	The movement of substances across a plasma (cell) membrane without the use of cell energy	108
1542912322	Pandemic	An epidemic over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population	109
1542912323	Pathogen	Organism which can cause disease in another organism	110
1542912324	Pesticide	"A substance that kills harmful organisms (e.g., an insecticide or fungicide)"	111
1542912325	pH	Indicates the relative concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a substance	112
1542912326	Pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes of fluids	113
1542912327	Phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells	114
1542912328	Phenotype	"The observable characteristics of an organism, the expression of gene alleles (genotype) as an observable physical or biochemical trait"	115
1542912329	Phospholipids	A class of lipid molecules in which a phosphate group is linked to glycerol and two fatty acetyl groups; a chief component of biological membranes	116
1542912330	Photosynthesis	The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy stored in organic molecules	117
1542912331	Plasma (cell) membrane	A selectively permeable surface that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving a cell must pass	118
1542912332	Point mutation	A change in a single base pair of a DNA sequence in a gene	119
1542912333	Polarity	Molecules having uneven distribution of charges	120
1542912334	Population	A local group of organisms belonging to the same species and capable of interbreeding	121
1542912335	Primary succession	Succession that occurs in a newly formed habitat that has never before sustained life	122
1542912336	Prokaryote	A bacterial cell lacking a true nucleus; its DNA is usually in one long strand	123
1542912337	Prophase	First phase of mitosis in which duplicated chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle fibers begin to form	124
1542912338	Protein	An organic compound composed of one or chains of polypeptides which in turn are formed from amino acids	125
1542912339	Protein synthesis	A formation of proteins using information coded on DNA and carried by RNA	126
1542912340	Pure science	The gathering of new information or the discovery of a new relationship or fact for sake of knowledge	127
1542912341	Punnett square	A type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible offspring; a type of grid that can indicate all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross	128
1542912342	Radioactive dating	A method of determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of a specific radioactive isotope it contains	129
1542912343	Recessive gene	Characterized as having a phenotype expressed only when both copies of the gene are mutated or missing	130
1542912344	Relative dating	A method of determining the age of fossils by comparing them to other fossils in different layers of rock	131
1542912345	Ribosome	A sub-cellular structure that is the site of protein synthesis during translation.	132
1542912346	RNA (ribonucleic acid)	"An organic acid composed of a single strand of nucleotide that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes and carries out the process of protein synthesis: composed units of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil "	133
1542912347	Secondary succession	The sequential replacement of population in a disrupted habitat	134
1542912348	Segregation	The law stating that pairs of genes separate in meiosis and each gamete receives one gene of a pair	135
1542912349	Sex influenced	"Description of a trait that is caused by a gene whose expression differs in male and females; (e.g., male patterned baldness)"	136
1542912350	Sex linkage	"The presence of a gene on a sex chromosome; (e.g., hemophilia, color-blindness)"	137
1542912351	Sexual reproduction	"The process where two cells (gametes) fuse to form one hybrid, fertilized cell"	138
1542912352	Species	A classification of related organisms that can freely interbreed	139
1542912353	Spore	A form taken by certain microbes that enables them to exist in a dormant stage. It is an asexual reproductive cell	140
1542912354	Symbiosis	The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where both receive an advantage from the association	141
1542912355	Taxonomic nomenclature	The procedure of assigning names to the kinds and groups of organisms according to their taxa	142
1542912356	Technology	Practical use of scientific information to improve the quality of human life: see also applied science	143
1542912357	Telophase	"Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell"	144
1542912358	Theory	A well tested explanation of natural events	145
1542912359	Thermoregulation	The maintenance of internal temperature within a range that allows cells to function efficiently	146
1542912360	Translation	The process of converting the genetic code in RNA into the amino acid sequence that makes up a protein	147
1542912361	Transcription	Process in which RNA is made from DNA	148
1542912362	Vaccine	A preparation of dead or weakened pathogen that is used to induce formation of antibodies or immunity against the pathogen	149
1542912363	Variation	Differences in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a population	150
1542912364	Vascular plants	A plant that has phloem and xylem	151
1542912365	Virus	"An infectious particle composed of a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core, which is dependent on a host organism for replication"	152