Combo with AQA Chemistry C2 Complete Set Flashcards

735990401	Ion	Charged particle formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.	0
735990402	Positive ion	Formed when metal atoms lose electrons from their outer shell.	1
735990403	Negative ion	Formed when non-metal atoms gain electrons to their outer shell.	2
735990404	Ionic bond	Electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge.	3
735990405	Ionic compound	Compound made up of positive and negative ions, key example: sodium chloride.	4
735990406	Covalent bond	Shared pair of electrons found between non-metal atoms.	5
735990407	Simple molecule	Molecule made up of a small number of atoms held by covalent bonds. Examples include water and ammonia.	6
735990408	Intermolecular forces	Weak force found between small molecules, causes them to have a low m.m. and b.p.	7
735990409	Lattice	Regular arrangement of particles.	8
735990410	Macromolecule	Giant covalent structure made up of a large number of atoms.	9
735990411	Diamond	Each carbon forms 4 bonds to other carbon atoms resulting in a very hard substance.	10
735990412	Graphite	Each carbon bonds to three others in a layer structure. Soft and slippery. Conducts electricity.	11
735990413	Metal	Giant structure of positive ions surrounded by a 'sea of electrons'.	12
735990414	Delocalised electrons	Electrons that are free to move. Found in graphite and metals and cause them to conduct electricity.	13
735990415	Nanoscience	Based on particle on billionth of a metre in size.	14
735990416	Polymer	Long chain molecule made from many small molecules (monomers) joined together.	15
735990417	Thermosoftening polymers	Can be melted and reshaped as have only weak forces between chains.	16
735990418	Thermosetting polymers	Cannot be remoulded as have strong cross links between chains.	17
735990419	Alloy	Mixture of metals	18
735990420	Shape Memory Alloy	Return to original shape when deformed.	19
735990421	Temperature	A measure of the average kinetic energy of a sample.	20
735990422	Catalyst	A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	21
735990423	Stirring	stirring increases the rate at which particles dissolve by increasing the kinetic energy of the sample	22
735990424	Concentration	describes the amount of solute present in a volume of solvent.	23
735990425	surface area	the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary	24
735990426	Formation of Gas	indicator of a change in the form of bubbles	25
735990427	precipitate	A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture	26
735990428	Effect of temperature on rate	Increasing the temperature increases the both the number of collisions and the number of successful collisions that overcome the activation energy.	27
735990429	Activation energy	The minimum energy a collision between particles requires for a chemical reaction to take place.	28
735990430	Effect of catalysts on rate	These provide an alternative reaction route which has a lower activation energy. This means that more of the collisions will be successful.	29
735990431	Effect of surface area on rate	A larger surface area will allow for more collisions and so increase the rate.	30
735990432	Effect of concentration on rate	Increases the number of collisions because there are more reagent particles in the same volume.	31
735990433	Exothermic	When energy from a reaction is given out to surrounds.	32
735990434	Endothermic	When energy for a reaction is taken in from the surroundings.	33
735990435	Chemical reaction	This involves the making and or breaking of chemical bonds. This will also include a change in properties and a change in energy.	34
735990436	Chemical bonds	an attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges	35
735990437	Energy in reactions	The breaking of a chemical bond requires energy from it's surroundings. The forming of the same bond will release the same amount of energy.	36
735990438	Examples of exothermic reactions	Combustion of Fuels, Corrosion of Metals, Reaction Between Acid and Alkali, Respiration	37
735990439	Examples of endothermic reactions	Thermal decomposition, photosynthesis, denaturing an enzyme.	38
735990440	Mole	A unit to count the number of particles present in a sample. One mole contains 6.02 x 10²³ particles.	39
735990441	Percentage by mass	Indicates what proportion of the total mass of a compound is accounted for by each element. = mass of element/mass of compound x100	40
735990442	atom economy	The proportion of reactants that are converted into useful products rather than waste products. = mass useful/mass total x 100	41
735990443	Percentage yield	the actual yield (experimentally determined) expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield (calculated) = Actual/Possible x 100	42
735990444	Relative atomic mass	The mass in grams of one mole of an element. This can be found on the periodic table. (it will be the larger of the two numbers on the element)	43
735990445	Relative molecular mass	The mass in grams of one mole of a molecule. This can be calculated by adding up all of the atomic masses.	44
735990446	Molecular formula	Shows the number of atoms of each element in a compound. i.e. C₃H₆	45
735990447	Empirical formula	The simplest ratio of the elements in a compound. i.e. the empirical formula of Propene (C₃H₆) is C:2H	46
735990448	metal carbonate + acid →	metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide	47
735990449	Salt	Formed when a metal displaces hydrogen from an acid.	48
735990450	Salt of hydrochloric acid	Chloride	49
735990451	Salt of nitric acid	Nitrates	50
735990452	Salt of sulfuric acid	Sulfates	51
735990453	Brine	water containing salts	52
735990454	Membrane used in electrolysis of brine	The membrane in NaCl electrolysis cell allows ions, but not gases to pass through.	53
735990455	Product of electrolysis of brine at the Cathode	Hydrogen gas, H₂. (CatHy's)	54
735990456	Product of electrolysis of brine at the Anode	Chlorine gas, Cl₂. (AnCle)	55
735990457	Solution formed as a result of electrolysis of brine.	Sodium Hydrogen Solution.	56
735990458	Uses of Cl	Bleach Paper Used for sterilising water drinking and pool water	57
735990459	Uses of H₂	Magerine Fuel/ Fuel cells Ammonia - fertilisers.	58
735990460	Uses of NaOH	Soap Paper Fibres	59
735990461	Chemical added to Al₂O₃	Cryolite added reducing the melting point.	60
735990462	Reaction at anode during electrolysis of Al₂O₃	2O²⁻ → O₂ + 4e⁻ (Oxidation)	61
735990463	Reaction at cathode during electrolysis of Al₂O₃	Al³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Al (Reduction)	62
735990464	Uses of Aluminium	Conducts electricity. Low density Expensive, useful for aircraft (Light properties) Foodcontainers + windows (won't corrode.)	63
735990465	Which electrode is which?	PANIC (Positive Anode Negative Is Cathode)	64
735990466	Which reaction takes place at each electrode?	OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain) (of electrons)	65
735990467	Reactions of metal compounds and acid	metal + acid → salt + hydrogen metal oxide + acid → salt + water metal hydroxide + acid → salt + water metal carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide	66
735990468	acid	Compound that donates H⁺ ions to an aqueous solution and measures less than 7 on the pH scale.	67
735990469	alkali	A water soluble base	68
735990470	base	A compound that can neutralise an acid. E.g. metal oxides and hydroxides	69
735990471	What does (aq) mean?	Dissolved in water (an aqueous solution)	70
735990472	precipitate	a solid that forms from solution during a chemical reaction	71
735990473	half equation	Equation showing only the reaction of the ion at an electrode during electrolysis.	72
735990474	electroplating	an electrolytic process in which a metal ion is reduced and a solid metal is deposited on a surface	73
735990475	Electrolyte	a compound that conducts an electric current when it is in an aqueous solution or in the molten state.	74
735990476	Electrolysis	The process of decomposing a chemical compound by the passage of an electric current.	75