Invitation to Biology Chapter 9 Flashcards
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| 1595063073 | electromagnetic spectrum | All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation | 0 | |
| 1595063074 | wavelengths | The distance between two crests or two troughs on a wave | 1 | |
| 1595063075 | pigment | A colored chemical compound that absorbs light. | 2 | |
| 1595063076 | chlorophyll a | A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. | 3 | |
| 1595063077 | chlorophyll b | A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. | 4 | |
| 1595063078 | carotenoids | An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis. | 5 | |
| 1595063079 | thylakoids | flattened membranous sacs inside a chloroplast; an interconnected system in the chloroplast that contains the molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. | 6 | |
| 1595063080 | stroma | In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast. | 7 | |
| 1595063081 | thylakoid space | A compartment within the thylakoids. | 8 | |
| 1595063082 | grana | A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast | 9 | |
| 1595063083 | light-dependent reactions | reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH | 10 | |
| 1595063084 | light-independent reactions | The second stage of photosynthesis in which ATP and hydrogen are used as form of chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into useful organic molecules | 11 | |
| 1595063085 | carbon fixation | Incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds | 12 | |
| 1595063086 | photosystems | Clusters of chlorophyll within the thylakoid membrane that absorb light energy. | 13 | |
| 1595063087 | Photosystem I | One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P700 reaction-center chlorophyll. | 14 | |
| 1595063088 | Photosystem II | One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P680 reaction-center chlorophyll. | 15 | |
| 1595063089 | photophosphorylation | Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP. | 16 | |
| 1595063090 | stomata | A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. | 17 | |
| 1595063091 | ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) | In the Calvin cycle, the five-carbon sugar to which CO2 is attached, accomplishing carbon fixation. | 18 | |
| 1595063092 | RuBP carboxylase | enzyme that starts the Calvin cycle by catalyzing attachment of carbon atom from CO2 to RuBP | 19 | |
| 1595063093 | photorespiration | A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide. | 20 | |
| 1595063094 | C4 plants | A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. | 21 | |
| 1595063095 | C3 plants | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. | 22 | |
| 1595063096 | bundle-sheath cells | In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. | 23 |