PSYA02 - An Introduction to Psychological Science (Chapter 11 and 12) Flashcards

2404186856	The study of motivation concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiations of behaviours that direct organisms towards specific goals is known as a _______.	Motive.	0
2404190881	A biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed is referred to as a ______.	Drive.	1
2404193263	The body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment is called _______.	Homeostasis.	2
2404197718	The process in which motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs is ________.	Allostasis.	3
2404202590	By electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus, it allows us to _____.	Eat.	4
2404204531	Stimulating the ventromedial region allows us to ______.	Stop eating.	5
2404207435	A sugar the serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body is _______.	Glucose.	6
2404209705	What is the term that describes the point in a meal where we are no longer motivated to eat?	Satiation.	7
2404215646	Stress modulates _______, a hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates stomach concentrations and appetite.	Grehlin.	8
2404219472	The tendency to assume that the unit sale or portioning amount to consume is referred to as ______.	Unit Bias.	9
2404227900	The longer a person sits socializing, the more likely he or she is to continue eating. This is referred to as _______.	Social facilitation.	10
2404230520	Sometimes people self-consciously control their behaviour so that others will see them in a certain way. This is referred to as _______.	Impression Management.	11
2404232843	People may be likely to eat more, even if already full, just to fit along. This is referred to as _________.	Modelling.	12
2404234914	A disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure is called ________.	Obesity.	13
2404241796	An eating disorder that involves self-starvation, intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with one's body, and a denial of the serious consequences of severely low weight is called _______.	Anorexia Nervosa.	14
2404250843	An eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating, and purging is called ______.	Bulimia Nervosa.	15
2404257367	What are some factors developed from eating disorders?	Stress, depression, guilt, perfectionism.	16
2404262329	What is libido?	The motivation for sexual activity and pleasure.	17
2404265590	The ______ cycle describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity.	Sexual Response.	18
2404267467	The four primary stages of the sexual response cycle are:	Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.	19
2404277366	Men usually experience a single orgasm followed by a ________.	Refractory period.	20
2404278219	The _________ is a time in which erection and orgasm are not physically possible.	Refractory period.	21
2404283864	The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release a hormone called __________.	Oxytocin.	22
2404354203	The consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex is referred to as _________.	Sexual orientation.	23
2404361699	The accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society are referred to as _______.	Gender roles.	24
2404375158	The set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females is called ______.	Sexual scripts.	25
2404376715	A hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation of sexual behaviour is ________.	Testosterone.	26
2404382836	What is the negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour?	Sex guilt.	27
2404391951	What is the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person's well being?	Need to belong (Affiliation motivation).	28
2404396280	A sense of _________ is most important for our well-being.	Permanence.	29
2404401906	This is associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person. What is it?	Passionate love.	30
2404405352	A body region that is sensitive to internal bodily feelings such as having "butterflies to the stomach" is called the ______.	Insula.	31
2404413149	This is related to tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person. What is it?	Companionate Love.	32
2404421129	What is the term that is a very strong force in human behaviour, and refers to the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals?	Achievement motivation.	33
2404424214	What is an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction?	Approach Goal.	34
2404426786	What is an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain?	Avoidance Goal.	35
2404430683	The need to feel connected with others is _________.	Relatedness.	36
2404432867	The need to feel in control of your own life is _______.	Autonomy.	37
2404433930	The ability to perform a task at a skill level that is satisfying to the individual is ________.	Competence.	38
2404436511	An individual's confidence that he or she can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve problem is referred to as ______.	Self-efficacy.	39
2404438119	A theory that states that an individual's ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which he or she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals is called the _________.	Self-determination Theory.	40
2404441988	Motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition, or avoid embarrassment is called ______.	Extrinsic Motivation (Performance Motive).	41
2404448666	The feeling of having little to no motivation to perform a behaviour is called ______.	Amotivational.	42
2404451027	The process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcoming challenges is known as ________.	Intrinsic Motivation (Mastery Motive).	43
2404455147	The ________ happens when if you give someone a reward for an intrinsically motivated behaviour, the intrinsic motivation decreases, as does the frequency of the behaviour.	Over-justification Effect.	44
2404462969	The ________ happens when a course of action is not obvious, and the different phrasing of the question or problem can produce different results.	Framing Effect.	45
2404468457	Being a behaviour with the following three components: A subjective thought and/or experience with accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and an observable behavioural expression is known as _______.	Emotion.	46
2404475566	The _______ is a group of nuclei in the medial portion of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere of the brain.	Amygdala.	47
2404478506	The ________ specializes in preparing the body to physically respond to the emotional stimulus if necessary.	Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).	48
2404482871	The Autonomic Nervous System consists of two systems. What are they?	Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System.	49
2404485164	The ________ helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response.	Sympathetic Nervous System.	50
2404486665	The _________ helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary.	Parasympathetic Nervous System.	51
2404498757	The ________ suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience.	James-Lange Theory of Emotion.	52
2404505373	The _________ is a theory that happens when the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings, and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body.	Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion.	53
2404517552	The _______ shows when our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states.	Facial Feedback Hypothesis.	54
2404525537	The ________ is a theory which holds that patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them from the basis of our emotional experiences.	Two-factor Theory.	55
2404534715	The __________ test was an open-ended test in which participants create stories to go along with a set of pictures.	Thematic Appreciation.	56
2404541309	A real emotional response can be seen on our faces before a certain "mask is in place." What is it?	Microexpression.	57
2404555277	_______ almost provides as much emotional information as facial expressions; it also activated a number of similar brain areas.	Body language.	58
2404557260	________ are variation across cultures in how common emotions are expressed.	Emotional dialects.	59
2404560010	________ refers to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion.	Display rules.	60
2404569284	A characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations is referred to as ________.	Personality.	61
2404573379	What are the two approaches to personality measurement?	Idiographic and Nomothetic.	62
2404578876	The _________ focuses on creating detailed descriptions of a specific person's unique personality characteristics.	Idiographic Approach.	63
2404588333	The ________ examines personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure.	Nomothetic Approach.	64
2404593252	A ________ describes a person's habitual patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.	Personality Trait.	65
2404595231	The ________ is the phenomenon in which it is easy to make people believe that you are measuring their personality than it is to actually measure it.	Barnum Effect.	66
2404597274	A ________ is used to group items that people respond to similarly; for instance, the terms friendly, warm, and kind have similar meanings, and can be referred to as a cluster.	Factor Analysis.	67
2404603796	The _______ is a trait-based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions.	Five-Factor Model.	68
2404606024	What are the five traits in the Five-Factor Model?	Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.	69
2404610462	People with _______ tend to be dreamers and creatives. They tend to be open with new things.	High openness.	70
2404612120	People with _______ are defenders of the system.	Low openness.	71
2404613318	People with _______ are the organizers; efficient, self-disciplined, and dependable.	High conscientiousness.	72
2404649276	People with ________ are the easy-going ones, fun to hang out with, but not great as group project partners.	Low conscientiousness.	73
2404705558	People with ________ are the socializers and sensation seekers.	High extraversion.	74
2404706835	People with _______ are the quiet ones.	Low extraversion.	75
2404708472	People with _______ are warm and friendly people that are easy to like, easy to be friends with, easy to have as part of your group.	High agreeableness.	76
2404711354	People with _______ are the type who "put themselves first."	Low agreeableness.	77
2404713286	People with ________ are difficult to deal with; their emotional volatility and general tendency to experience negative emotions makes them not much fun to be around.	High neuroticism.	78
2404716230	People with _______ are the prototypical mentally healthy people.	Low neuroticism.	79
2404803668	What is the six-factor theory that generally replicate the five factors of the FFM and adds one additional factor: Honesty-humility.	HEXACO Model of Personality.	80
2404807569	People with ________ tend to be sincere, honest, faithful, and modest.	High Honesty-humility.	81
2404809085	People with ________ tend to be more selfish, antisocial, and have violent tendencies.	Low Honesty-humility.	82
2404811093	The ________ describes a person who is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest, and likely to commit harm in general.	Dark Triad.	83
2404815499	The Dark Triad refers to three traits. What are they?	Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism.	84
2404818238	Which trait refers to a tendency to use people and be manipulative and deceitful?	Machiavellianism.	85
2404854994	Which trait is a general tendency towards having shallow emotional responses?	Psychopathy.	86
2404856205	Which trait reflects an egotistical preoccupation with self-image and an excessive focus on self-importance?	Narcissism.	87
2404859562	People with _________ became aggressive when they felt physically threatened, but people with high ________ responded aggressively when their self-esteem was threatened.	High psychopathy, high narcissism.	88
2404862207	People with ________ responded to neither type of threat; it seems they only become aggressive when it serves their goals.	High machiavellianism.	89
2404865418	A highly problematic set of personality characteristics that involve three key tendencies is referred to as __________.	Right-wing Authoritarianism (RWA).	90
2404874100	People with _________ are likely to be seething with prejudice.	High RWAs.	91
2404881036	A temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour is referred to as a _______.	State.	92
2404883324	Behaviour, internal (personal) factors, and external (situational) factors interact to determine one another, and that our personalities are based on interactions among these aspects is called ________.	Reciprocal Determinism.	93
2404886488	What is the WEIRD Acronym?	Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.	94
2404887781	What is the combination of characteristics concerning social harmony, tradition, and an emphasis on one's social relationships?	Interpersonal Relatedness.	95
2404890032	The characteristic ways of responding to questions; these response styles can be strongly influenced by cultural norms is referred to as a __________.	Response Style.	96
2404892092	Identical twins are ________, whereas fraternal twins are ________.	Monozygotic, dizygotic.	97
2404896744	The term that explains both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body is referred to as ________.	Humourism.	98
2404898595	________ is the term to describe the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull.	Phrenology.	99
2404900939	The _________ is the idea when extraversion is determined by people's threshold for arousal.	Arousal Theory of Extraversion.	100
2404903388	What plays a central role in controlling this arousal response?	Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS).	101
2404905513	What is referred to as a "go" system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals?	Behavioural Activation System (BAS).	102
2404909961	What is more of a "danger" system motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes?	Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS).	103
2404913504	In the brain, extraversion has a larger _________, and generally less activation in the _________.	Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex, Amygdala.	104
2404928972	In the brain, neuroticism has a smaller ________ , a smaller _______, and a larger _________.	Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Mid-cingulate gyrus.	105
2404931224	The _______ is involved in processing novelty, danger, and fear.	Amygdala.	106
2404931469	The _________ is involved in controlling emotions.	Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex.	107
2404935766	The _______ is involved in controlling obsessive, negative thinking.	Hippocampus.	108
2404937184	The ________ is responsible for detecting errors and perceiving pain - whether physical or emotional.	Mid-cingulate Gyrus.	109
2404938205	People with agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the _________.	Left superior temporal sulcus.	110
2404939110	The ________ is activated when one is interpreting another person's actions or intentions.	Temporal Sulcus.	111
2404954496	In the brain, consciousness has a larger brain volume in the ________ in the _________.	Middle frontal gyrus, left prefrontal cortex.	112
2404965608	In the brain, people with openness to experience have been shown to have greater activation in the ________.	Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.	113
2404972688	The _________ is involved in creativity and intelligence.	Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.	114
2404975508	The _______ is your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now.	Conscious mind.	115
2404976199	The _______ is a much more vast and powerful, but inaccessible part of your consciousness, endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours.	Unconscious mind.	116
2404982621	The ________ is the slips of the tongue allowing those to say what they were "really thinking."	Freudian Slip.	117
2404983757	The _____ represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression.	Id.	118
2404984718	Freud believed that Id was fuelled by an energy called ______.	Libido.	119
2404985067	The ________ refers to motivating people to seek our experiences that bring pleasure, with little regard for the appropriateness or consequences of their realization.	Pleasure Principle.	120
2404986998	The _______ is comprised of our values and moral standards.	Superego.	121
2404987840	The ______ is the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego.	Ego.	122
2404993308	_______ are unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety.	Defence Mechanisms.	123
2404994390	Keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious is referred to as _______.	Repression.	124
2404995640	Refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself is called _______.	Denial.	125
2405003512	________ is attempting to hide one's true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours.	Rationalization.	126
2405009288	Transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour is referred to as ________.	Displacement.	127
2405009946	Unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self is referred to as ______.	Identification.	128
2405011463	______ is keeping yourself unaware of undesirable qualities that you possess by instead attributing those qualities to other groups or people.	Projection.	129
2405014513	________ is altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite.	Reaction Formation.	130
2405015633	__________ is transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even pro-social alternatives.	Sublimation.	131
2405018911	When becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage. This term is ________.	Fixation.	132
2405022570	Which stage involves actions of the mouth, and the foundation of the ego, and occurs between 0-18 months?	The Oral Stage.	133
2405024638	Which stage involves bowel elimination, control, and a sense of control and competence?	The Anal Stage.	134
2405025368	Which stage involves the Oedipus complex, obsessions between power and sex if fixated?	The Phallic Stage.	135
2405030288	Which stage involves external activities and interests and occurs between 6 yrs-puberty?	The Latency Stage.	136
2405030521	Which stage involves sexual activities with others, and occurs between puberty-adulthood?	The Genital Stage.	137
2405031863	________ are personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts.	Projective Tests.	138
2405033112	The ________ asks people to describe what they see on the inkblot, and psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method.	Rorschach Inkblot Test.	139
2405039215	The _______ asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations.	Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT).	140
2405047037	________ focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development.	Analytical psychology.	141
2405047650	_________ is a vast repository of experiences and patterns that were absorbed during the entire experiential unfolding of the person's life.	Personal Unconscious.	142
2405049043	The _______ is a separate, non-personal realm of the unconscious that holds the the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past.	Collective unconscious.	143
2405051001	_______ are images and symbols that reflect common "truths" held across cultures, such as universal life experiences or types of people.	Archetypes.	144
2405051999	The ________ is the struggle many people have with feelings of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood.	Inferiority Complex.	145
2405054203	The ________ happens when people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop full and normally.	Person-centered Perspective.	146
2405055675	The drive to grow and fulfill one's potential is known as _________.	Self-actualization.	147