PSYC 2301 Final Flashcards

2018147087	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
2018152415	biological perspective	behavior is determined by the physical structure and function of the nervous and endocrine systems	1
2018162646	psychiatrist	a medical doctor who specializes in mental/psychological disorders. (s)he can do therapy, but typically prescribes medications	2
2018191972	psychologist	a Ph.D., Ed.D, or Psy.D. level doctor who can provide therapy, but usually cannot prescribe medicines	3
2018202425	naturalistic observation	limited to observations and recording of data, such as recording the frequency of a behavior	4
2018234146	case study	used for a unusual and/or rare occurrences or disorders	5
2018244185	survey	requires a representative sample	6
2018246702	correlation	used to find a relationship between two variables by taking two measurements for each member of a sample; does not determine cause/effect. measures relationship between variables that experimenter cannot control- such as relationship between intelligence and academic grades	7
2018263399	experimental method	determines cause and effect; subjects must be assigned to groups at random	8
2018270010	independent variable	the variable in an experiment that the researcher controls and manipulates on purpose; the experimental treatment or condition that only the experimental group is exposed to	9
2018288430	dependent variable	the variable in an experiment that the researcher measures in both the experimental and control group	10
2018303659	double-blind technique	an experiment where both the researcher and the subjects in the experiment do not know who is being exposed to a real treatment and who is being exposed to a placebo; used to control the placebo effect and experimenter bias	11
2018312081	placebo	sugar pill or fake treatment	12
2018317093	placebo effect	subject's expectations; such as their responding to a sugar pill	13
2018324405	experimenter bias	the researcher's expectations	14
2018329955	ethical standards for psychological research	subjects must participate voluntarily; subjects must give informed consent to participation; when subjects are deceived, they must be debriefed	15
2018418031	synapse	the place where the axon terminal of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron meet	16
2018424277	neurotransmitters	chemicals that carry messages between neurons	17
2018427209	dopamine	neurotransmitter found to be high in schizophrenia; antipsychotic medications reduce dopamine levels	18
2018437508	serotonin & norepinephrine	neurotransmitters found to be low in persons with depression	19
2018441446	cerebellum	controls movement and balance	20
2018445454	hypothalamus	controls drives such as hunger, thirst and sex, and regulates body temperature	21
2018450146	limbic system	involved in emotion, memory and motivation	22
2018456722	brain hemispheres	left controls language	23
2018459946	frontal lobes	controls ability to think, control our impulses and plan for the future	24
2018463932	PET scan & fMRI	methods of studying the brain that reveal brain activity	25
2018474073	peripheral nervous system	nerves that go from the spinal cord out to the body and from the body to the spinal cord. divided into the autonomic and somatic divisions	26
2018483429	sympathetic nervous system	"fight or flight" response	27
2018500332	adrenal glands	secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which are involved in the body's response to stress	28
2018511489	general adaptation syndrome	3 stages of physiological response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion	29
2018517989	alarm	ready to handle stress, but not particularly resistant to effects of stress	30
2018522954	resistance	least likely to become ill	31
2018524266	exhaustion	most likely to become ill	32
2018528326	approach-approach decision	having to choose between two equally desirable, but mutually exclusive options	33
2018534882	PTSD	following severe stress some people might develop symptoms including nightmares, flashbacks, and intrusive thoughts or memories	34
2018547279	problem focused coping	attempts to modify, reduce or eliminate a stressor	35
2018552344	emotion focused coping	attempts to modify thoughts and feelings regarding a stressor	36
2018558982	stress resistance	characterized by OPTIMISM, feeling in control of your life, being committed to personal goals, and thinking of change as a challenge	37
2018570031	life changing events/major life events	make people more susceptible to physical and/or mental illness	38
2018573270	hassles	frustrating events in daily life	39
2018578485	psychoneuroimmunology	studies the effect of stress on the immune system	40
2018580020	stress/illness	makes it difficult for the body to resist disease	41
2018585069	stressors that affect the immune system	frustrations, positive and negative major life events, chronic stressors	42
2018589081	social support	related to quicker recovery from illness, surviving heart attacks	43
2018591267	classical conditioning	learning internal, involuntary responses such as fears due to a neutral stimulus being paired with a stimulus that naturally causes the involuntary response.	44
2018595038	unconditioned stimulus	naturally leads to an inborn, involuntary response (Little Albert: the loud noise; Pavlov: food)	45
2018909948	unconditioned response	an inborn, involuntary response to an US (Little Albert: fear of loud noise; Pavlov: salivating to food)	46
2019003057	conditioned response	a learned, involuntary response to a CS (Little Albert: fear of rat; Pavlov: salivating to bell)	47
2019007445	conditioned stimulus	a stimulus that leads to an involuntary response as a result of learning (Little Albert: the rat; Pavlov: bell)	48
2019013636	extinction	gradual weakening of a CR resulting from presenting the CS without the US; presenting only the bell (CS) to Pavlov's dogs	49
2019013635	extinction	gradual weakening of a CR resulting from presenting the CS without the US; presenting only the bell (CS) to Pavlov's dogs	50
2019034409	stimulus generalization	making a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the CS, but not really the CS. Example: fear of snakes generalizes to fear of worms	51
2019015100	operant conditioning	learning external, voluntary responses due to the consequence (reinforcement or punishment) that follows the response	52
2019036509	shaping	the process of teaching a new operant response by reinforcing successive approximations to the new behavior being taught	53
2019043876	positive reinforcement	giving something desirable; goal is to increase a response; example - giving a reward, attention or praise	54
2019046443	negative reinforcement	removing something undesirable; goal is to increase a response; example - medication that relieves discomfort takes away the discomfort thereby increasing the likelihood that the medication will be used next time the learner experiences discomfort	55
2019041810	reinforcement	any consequence that tends to increase a response; best way to teach a new response; decreases the probability that a response will be repeated	56
2019049633	punishment	any consequence that tends to decrease a response	57
2019061528	behavior modification	techniques that make use of learning principles to encourage desirable behavior or eliminate undesirable behavior	58
2019064973	observational learning	learning by watching others or imitating a model, such as on TV	59
2019072494	short term memory	holds 7 items for no more than 30 seconds	60
2019073363	rehearsal	increases the duration of STM beyond 30 seconds	61
2019074791	long term memory	holds unlimited amount of information for an indefinite period of time	62
2019104722	explicit/declarative	memory for facts	63
2019106634	semantic	memory for general knowledge or facts	64
2019108603	episodic	memory for personal information	65
2019115716	implicit/non-declarative/procedure	memory for skills, habits, and classically conditioned, automatic, involuntary responses	66
2019121327	recall	measuring memory without giving hints or cues; examples: short answer, essay and fill in the blank questions	67
2019117679	retrieval	bringing back to mind information that has been stored in LTM	68
2019121761	recognition	measuring memory while giving hints or cues; example: multiple choice test	69
2019122608	decay	memory fading with the passing of time or lack of use of the information	70
2019131485	interference	forgetting because other information gets in the way of what you are trying to remember	71
2019132891	reconstructive memory	memory is not always accurate; memory is pieced together and contains distortions	72
2019135540	serial position effect	tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle	73
2025105330	longitudinal study	studying the same group of people as they age over an extended period of time	74
2025105783	cross-section study	studying groups of people of various ages at the same time	75
2025112364	Harlow's study	monkeys attached to the "moms" based on physical contact (contact comfort)	76
2025107698	teratogen	substance that is harmful to prenatal development; alcohol, tobacco, toxins	77
2025114096	attachment	intense love or bonding that infant displays towards primary care giver	78
2025121111	secure attachment	young children who explore independently, but occasionally return to their mothers	79
2025125196	Piaget's stages of cognitive development	sensory motor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operations	80
2025141516	sensory motor	0-2 yrs, development of object permanence	81
2025163437	concrete operational	children between 7 and 11 begin to think logically, but only concretely; gain conservation (understand that number, volume, etc., don't always change when appearance changes - example: juice in different shaped glasses)	82
2025157448	preoperational	children thinking between 2 & 7 years is egocentric and illogical	83
2025182243	formal operational	children 12 and older understand abstract concepts such as freedom and liberty	84
2025192204	Erickson's stages of phychosocial development	emphasizes how social forces influence the development of personality	85
2025197448	autonomy vs shame and doubt	children exert their will with "NO! ME! MINE!"	86
2025194688	trust vs mistrust	establish a sense of trust	87
2025202075	initiative vs guilt	want to self-start and try things	88
2025205758	identity vs role confusion	adolescents ask themselves "who am I?"	89
2025204085	industry vs inferiority	develop competencies	90
2025214294	intimacy vs isolation	relationship commitment; have to have a sense of identity before can truly experience intimacy	91
2025226973	generativity vs stagnation	emphasis is on guiding and assisting the next generation	92
2025228653	ego integrity vs despair	review life choices	93
2025239381	Braumrind's parenting styles	authoritative & permissive	94
2025242975	authoritative parenting	communicative, supportive, respectful parents; more effective than other types of parenting	95
2025243839	permissive parenting	associated with children have little self-control (example: later have drinking problems, promiscuous sex and delinquent behavior)	96
2025287432	sex	determined by biological characteristics	97
2025287683	gender	influenced by culture	98
2025293882	Kohlberg's levels of moral development	pre-conventional; conventional; post-conventional	99
2025296521	pre-conventional	moral decisions are based on need for rewards and fear of punishment	100
2025306611	post-conventional	moral decisions are based on individual's own moral principles	101
2025296973	conventional	moral decisions are based on obeying authority and following laws and rules	102
2025322383	unconscious	forces here are the primary motive for our behavior	103
2025346860	ego	part of the personality that mediates between other 2 parts and outside world	104
2025346638	id	completely unconscious part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification and works on the pleasure principle	105
2025356606	defense mechanisms	ego's mechanisms for decreasing anxiety and tension by distorting reality	106
2025357720	repression	"forgetting" traumatic incidents	107
2025347442	superego	part of the personality that serves are our conscience and motivates us to do the right thing	108
2025371809	oral	fixation leads to oral habits	109
2025372038	anal	fixation leads to perfectionism and control issues	110
2025373807	phallic	stage where the oedipal/electra complexes arise and should be resolved by identifying with the same sex parent	111
2025374601	latency	libido hibernates	112
2025375190	genital	mature functioning	113
2025383478	fixation	being stuck in a stage because you did not successfully resolve the conflicts in that stage	114
2025387432	big 5 personality traits	(OCEAN) openness to experience; conscientiousness; extraversion; agreeableness; neuroticism	115
2025396661	openness to experience	open minded	116
2025397506	conscientiousness	dependable	117
2025398169	extraversion	outgoing	118
2025398862	agreeableness	cooperative	119
2025400091	neuroticism	emotionally unstable	120
2025404868	behaviorists	use learning theory to explain human behavior; rewards and punishments determines our behavior	121
2025405827	human perspective	believe people are inherently good and continued to grow and develop through life through self-actualization (tendency to strive to reach our full potential)	122
2025883002	Roger's unconditional positive regard	caring about a person regardless of what they do, say, or think	123
2025408709	Maslow's hierarchy of needs	physical needs must be met before social and self-actualization needs	124
2025884234	behavior genetics	research often involves studying identical twins	125
2025896191	personality inventory	best know example, MMPI-2, is an objective, T/F, self report; meant for diagnosing psychological problems	126
2025904050	Bandura's reciprocal determinism	people's behavior affects their environment, just as the environment affects people's behavior	127
2025897271	projective tests	designed to reveal unconscious conflicts; example: Rorschach Inkblot Test	128
2025910181	DSM 5	manual that lists all mental disorders and their symptoms	129
2025910925	panic disorder	sudden onset of fear, panic, apprehension, terror and impending doom; accompanied by physical symptoms such as sweating and trembling; no apparent trigger; often misinterpreted as having a heart attack	130
2025911254	phobia	an intense fear of an object or event that is out of proportion to any real danger the object or event may cause	131
2025918211	obsessive compulsive disorder	anxiety disorder; person has obsessions (recurring thoughts; example: germs) and compulsions (recurring behavior; example: cleaning house or washing hands) that easy the obsessions temporarily	132
2025919829	dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)	not the same as schizophrenia; person has two or more distinct personalities	133
2025920846	schizophrenia	severe mental disorder of the emotions, thought, speech and behavior, characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations (false perceptions) and delusions (false beliefs)	134
2025927754	major depressive disorder	mood disorder characterized by loss of energy, loss of interest, inability to experience pleasure, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness and helplessness	135
2025928530	bipolar disorder	mood disorder characterized by swings from depression, sadness and hopelessness, to mania and euphoria	136
2025929451	suicidal behavior	often give subtle hints, feel hopeless, have a serious mental or physical illness	137
2025935148	antisocial personality disorder	person who lies, cheats, steals and harms others without regret	138
2025966174	cognitive therapy	therapist helps client change his/her negative thoughts; therapist tries to modify client's maladaptive thoughts	139
2025966882	behavior therapy	therapist tries to modify client's maladaptive behaviors	140
2025969915	antipsychotic medication	medications that block dopamine receptor sites to lower levels of dopamine in persons with schizophrenia	141
2025945708	psychoanalysis	patient tells therapist his/her dreams and discusses his/her childhood	142
2019041811	reinforcement	any consequence that tends to increase a response; best way to teach a new response; decreases the probability that a response will be repeated	143