Midterm Vocabulary Flashcards

CTC Soc 1301

588139887	Sociological perspective	understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context	0
588139888	Society	people who share a culture and a territory	1
588139889	Social location	the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society	2
588139890	Science	the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge obtained by those methods	3
588139891	Natural sciences	the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environment	4
588139892	Social sciences	the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations	5
588139893	Generalization	a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation	6
588139894	Common sense	those things that "everyone knows" are true	7
588139895	[the] scientific method	the use of objective systematic observations to test theories	8
588139896	Positivism	the application of the scientific approach to the social world	9
588139897	Sociology	the scientific study of society and human behavior	10
588139898	Class conflict	Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers	11
588139899	Bourgeoisie	Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production	12
588139900	Proletariat	Marx's term for exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production	13
588139901	Social integration	the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion	14
588139902	Value free	the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research	15
588139903	Values	the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly	16
588139904	Objectivity	value neutrality in research	17
588139905	Replication	the repetition of a study in order to test its findings	18
588139906	Verstehen	a German word by used Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have sight into someone's situation"	19
588139907	Subjective meanings	the meanings that people give their own behavior	20
588139908	Social facts	Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior	21
588139909	Basic (or pure) sociology	sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups	22
588139910	Applied sociology	the use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of global pollution	23
588139911	Theory	the statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another	24
588139912	Symbolic interactionism	a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another	25
588139913	Functional analysis	a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism	26
588139914	Conflict theory	a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources	27
588139915	Macro-level analysis	an examination of large-scale patterns of society	28
588139916	Micro-level analysis	an examination of small-scale patterns of society	29
588139917	Social interaction	what people so when they are in one another's presence	30
588139918	Nonverbal interaction	communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on	31
588139919	Public sociology	sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective (of how things are related to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers	32
588139920	Globalization of capitalism	capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system	33
588139921	Hypothesis	a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another; often according to predictions from a theory	34
588139922	Variable	a factor thought to be significant for human behavior; which can vary (or change) form one case to another	35
588139923	Operational definition	the way in which a researcher measures a variable	36
588139924	Research method (or research design)	one of the seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data; surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures	37
588139925	Validity	the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure	38
588139926	Reliability	the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results	39
588139927	Replication	the repetition of study in order to test its findings	40
588139928	Survey	the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions	41
588139929	Population	a target group to be studied	42
588139930	Sample	the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied	43
588139931	Random sample	a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study	44
588139932	Stratified random sample	a sample from select subgroups of the target population in which everyone in the subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research	45
588139933	Respondents	people who respond to a survey, either in interview or by self-administered questionnaires	46
588139934	Questionnaires	a list of questions to be asked of respondents	47
588139935	Self-administered questionnaires	questionnaires that respondents fill out	48
588139936	Interview	direct questioning of respondents	49
588139937	Interviewer bias	effects that interviewers have on respondents that lead to biased answers	50
588139938	Structured interviews	interviews that used closed-ended questions	51
588139939	Closed-ended questions	questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent	52
588139940	Unstructured interviews	interviews that use open-ended questions	53
588139941	Open-ended questions	questions that respondents answer in their own words	54
588139942	Rapport	a feeling of trust between researchers and people they are studying	55
588139943	Participant observation (or fieldwork)	research in which the researcher participates in research setting while observing what is happening in that setting	56
588139944	Generalizability	the extent to which the findings of one group (or sample) can be generalized or applied to other groups (or populations)	57
588139945	Case study	an analysis of a single event, situation, or individual	58
588139946	Secondary analysis	the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers	59
588139947	Documents	in its narrow sense, written source that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDs, and so on	60
588139948	Experiment	the use of control and experimental groups and dependant and independent variables to test causation	61
588139949	Experimental group	the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable	62
588139950	Control group	the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable	63
588139951	Independent variable	a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable	64
588139952	Dependent variable	a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable	65
588139953	Unobtrusive measures	ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied	66
588139954	Culture	the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next	67
588139955	Material culture	the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry	68
588139956	Nonmaterial culture	(also called symbolic culture) a group's way of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)	69
588139957	Patterns	recurring characteristics or events	70
588139958	Culture shock	the disorientation people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life	71
588139959	Ethnocentrism	the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors	72
588139960	Cultural relativism	not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms	73
588139961	Symbolic culture	another term for nonmaterial culture	74
588139962	Symbol	something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others	75
588139963	Gestures	the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another	76
588139964	Language	a system of symbols that can me combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought	77
588139965	Sapir-Whorf hypothesis	Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving	78
588139966	Values	the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly	79
588139967	Norms	expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce behavior	80
588139968	Sanctions	either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them	81
588139969	Positive sanctions	a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward	82
588139970	Negative sanctions	an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or execution	83
588139971	Folkways	norms that are not strictly enforced	84
588139972	Mores	norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or to the well-being of the group	85
588139973	Taboo	a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions and even revulsion if someone violates it	86
588139974	Subculture	the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world	87
588139975	Counterculture	a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture	88
588139976	Pluralistic society	a society made up of many different groups, with contrasting values and orientations to life	89
588139977	Value cluster	values that together form a larger whole	90
588139978	Value contradiction	values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other	91
588139979	Ideal culture	a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them	92
588139980	Real culture	the norms and values that people actually follow	93
588139981	Cultural universal	a value, norm or other cultural trait that is found in every group	94
588139982	Sociobiology	a framework of thought that views human behavior as a result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior	95
588139983	Technology	in its narrow sense, tools; it broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools	96
588139984	New technology	the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life	97
588139985	Cultural lag	Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations	98
588139986	Cultural diffusion	the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits	99
588139987	Cultural leveling	the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations	100
588139988	Social environment	the entire human environment, including direct contact with others	101
588139989	Feral children	children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans	102
588139990	Socialization	the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group - the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them	103
588139991	Self	the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside;" the views we internalize of how others see us	104
588139992	Looking-glass self	a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us	105
588139993	Taking the role of the other	putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how the person will act	106
588139994	Significant other	an individual who significantly influences someone else's life	107
588139995	Generalized other	the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general;" the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self	108
588139996	Id	Freud's term for our inborn basic drives	109
588139997	Ego	Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society	110
588139998	Superego	Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups	111
588139999	Gender	the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its male and females; masculinity or femininity	112
588140000	Gender socialization	the ways in which society sets children on a different path in life because they are male or female	113
588140001	Peer group	a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests	114
588140002	Mass media	forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, television, and blogs that are directed to mass audiences	115
588140003	Gender role	the behaviors and attitudes expected for people because they are female or male	116
588140004	Agents of socialization	individuals or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors or other orientations toward life	117
588140005	Manifest functions	the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions	118
588140006	Latent functions	unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions	119
588140007	Anticipatory socialization	the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status	120
588140008	Resocialization	the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors	121
588140009	Total institution	a place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society and society is mostly cut off from them	122
588140010	Degradation ceremony	a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to strip away someone's position (social status); in doing so, a new social and self-identity is stamped on the individual	123
588140011	Life course	the stages of our life as we go from birth to death	124
588140012	Transitional adulthood	a term that refers to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood; also called adultolescence	125
588140013	Macrosociology	analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists	126
588140014	Microsociology	analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists	127
588140015	Social interaction	what people do when they are in one another's company	128
588140016	Social structure	the framework (or typical patterns) that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another; which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior	129
588140017	Social class	according to Weber, a large group pf people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means or production or workers who sell their labor	130
588140018	Status	the position that someone occupies in a social group	131
588140019	Status set	all statuses or positions that an individual occupies	132
588140020	Ascribed status	a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life	133
588140021	Achieved status	a position that is earned, accomplished or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part	134
588140022	Status symbols	items used to identify a status	135
588140023	Master status	a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies	136
588140024	Status inconsistency	ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy	137
588140025	Socialization	the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group - the knowledge, sills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them	138
588140026	Group	people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group	139
588140027	Social institution	the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs	140
588140028	Social integration	the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion	141
588140029	Mechanical solidarity	Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks	142
588140030	Division of labor	the splitting of a group's or society's tasks into specialties	143
588140031	Organic solidarity	Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs	144
588140032	Gemeinschaft	a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness	145
588140033	Gesellschaft	a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest	146
588140034	Stereotype	assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false	147
588140035	Body language	the ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others	148
588140036	Dramaturgy	an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which the social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis	149
588140037	Impression management	people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them	150
588140038	Front stage	places where we give performances	151
588140039	Back stage	places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances	152
588140040	Role performance	the ways in which someone performs a role within the limits that the role provides showing a particular "style" or "personality"	153
588306490	Role conflict	conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role	154
588306491	Role strain	conflicts that someone feels within a role	155
588306492	Sign-vehicle	a term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self	156
588306493	Teamwork	the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly	157
588306494	Face-saving behavior	techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour	158
588306495	Ethnomethodology	the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life	159
588306496	Background assumption	a deeply embedded common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act	160
588306497	Social construction of reality	the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real	161
588306498	Group	people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called social group	162
588306499	Society	people who share a culture and a territory	163
588306500	Hunting and gathering society	a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival	164
588306501	Shaman	the healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease or injury; commonly called a witch doctor	165
588306502	Pastoral society	a society based on the pasturing of animals	166
588306503	Horticultural society	a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools	167
588306504	Domestication revolution	the first social revolution, based on the domestication off plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies	168
588306505	Agricultural revolution	the second revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies	169
588306506	Agricultural society	a society based on large-scale agriculture	170
588306507	Industrial Revolution	the third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power	171
588306508	Industrial society	a society based on the use of machines powered by fuels	172
588306509	Postindustrial (information) society	a society based on information services, and high technology rather than on raw materials and manufacturing	173
588306510	Biotech society	a society whose economy increasingly centers on the application of genetics to produce medicine, food, and material	174
588306511	Aggregate	individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who so not see themselves as belonging together	175
588306512	Category	people who have similar characteristics	176
588306513	Primary group	a group characterized by intimate, long term, face-to-face association and cooperation	177
588306514	Secondary group	compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal and impersonal group based on some interest or activity	178
588306515	In-groups	groups toward which people feel loyal	179
588306516	Out-groups	groups toward which people feel antagonism	180
588306517	Reference group	a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves	181
588306518	Social network	the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together	182
588384929	Clique	a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another	183
588384930	Electronic community	individuals who regularly interact with one another on the internet and who think of themselves as belonging together	184
588384931	Group dynamics	the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals	185
588384932	Small group	a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members	186
588384933	Dyad	the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons	187
588384934	Triad	a group of three people	188
588384935	Coalition	the alignment of some members of a group against others	189
588384936	Leader	someone who influences other people	190
588384937	Instrumental leader	an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader	191
588384938	Expressive leader	an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader	192
588384939	Leadership styles	ways in which people express their leadership	193
588384940	Authoritarian leader	an individual who leads by giving orders	194
588384941	Democratic leader	an individual who leads by trying o reach a consensus	195
588384942	Laissez-faire leader	an individual who leads by being highly permissive	196
588384943	Groupthink	a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct	197
588384944	Rationality	using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs	198
588384945	Traditional society	a society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; characterizes tribal, peasant, and feudal societies	199
588537206	[The] rationalization of society	a widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea	200
588537207	Capitalism	an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition	201
588537208	Formal organization	a secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives	202
588537209	Bureaucracy	a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records	203
588537210	[The] McDonaldization of society	the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation	204
588537211	Alienation	Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness	205
588537212	Peter principle	a tongue-in-cheek observation that the members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work	206
588537213	Goal displacement	an organization replacing old goals with new ones; also known as goal replacement	207
588537214	Volunteer association	a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as voluntary memberships and voluntary organizations	208
588544575	[The] iron law of oligarchy	Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite	209
588544576	Humanizing a work setting	organizing a workplace in such a way that it develops rather than impeded human potential	210
588589400	Deviance	the violation of norms (or rules or expectations)	211
588589401	Crime	the violation of norms written into law	212
588589402	Stigma	"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity	213
588687636	Social order	a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which is members depend and on which they base their lives	214
588687637	Social control	a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms	215
588687638	Negative sanction	an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence	216
588687639	Positive sanction	a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward	217
588687640	Genetic predisposition	inborn tendencies (for example, a tendency to commit deviant acts)	218
588687641	Street crime	crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary	219
588687642	Personality disorders	the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms	220
588744722	Differential association	Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant	221
588744723	Control theory	the idea that two control systems - inner controls and outer controls - work against our tendencies to deviate	222
588744724	Degradation ceremony	a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place	223
588744725	Labeling theory	the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity	224
588744726	Techniques of neutralization	ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neutralize) society's norms	225
588744727	Cultural goals	the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve	226
588744728	Institutionalized means	approved ways of reaching cultural goals	227
588948341	Strain Theory	Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation tot he strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal	228
588948342	Illegitimate opportunity structure	opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life	229
588948343	White-collar crime	Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing	230
588948344	Corporate crime	crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation	231
588948345	Criminal justice system	the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime	232
588948346	Recidivism rate	the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested	233
588948347	Capital punishment	the death penalty	234
588948348	Serial murder	the killing of several victims in three or more separate events	235
588948349	Hate crime	a crime that is punished more severely because it is motivated by hate (dislike, hostility, animosity) of someone's race - ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability or national origin	236
588948350	Police discretion	the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter	237
588948351	Medicalization of deviance	to make deviance a medical matter; a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians	238
588948352	Social stratification	the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society or other group	239
588948353	Slavery	a form of social stratification in which some people own other people	240
588948354	Bonded labor (indentured service)	a contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is entered into voluntarily	241
588948355	Ideology	beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements	242
588990024	Caste system	a form of social stratification in which people's statuses are determined by birth and are lifelong	243
588990025	Endogamy	the practice of marrying within one's own group	244
588990026	Apartheid	the enforced separation of racial-ethnic groups as was in South Africa	245
588990027	Estate stratification system	the stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three groups or estates: the nobility, clergy, and commoners	246
588990028	Class system	a form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions	247
588990029	Social mobility	movement up or down the social class ladder	248
588990030	Means of production	the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth	249
588990031	Class consciousness	Marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production	250
588990032	False class consciousness	Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists	251
588990033	Meritocracy	a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit	252
588990034	Divine right of kings	the idea that the king's authority comes from God; in an interesting gender bender, also applies to queens	253
588990035	Colonialism	the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources	254
589013181	World system theory	economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together	255
589013182	Globalization of capitalism	capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system	256
589013183	Cultural poverty	the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children	257
589013184	Neocolonialism	the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations	258
589013185	Multinational corporations	companies that operate across national boundaries; also called transitional corporations	259
589271754	Property	material possessions: animals, bank accounts, bonds, buildings, businesses, cars, furniture, land, and stocks	260
589271755	Wealth	the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts	261
589271756	Income	money received, usually from a job, business or assets	262
589271757	Power	the ability to get your way, even over the resistance of others	263
589271758	Power elite	C Wright Mill's term for the top people in US corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions	264
589271759	Prestige	respect or regard	265
589271760	Status consistency	ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class	266
589271761	Status inconsistency	ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called status discrepancy	267
589271762	Status	the position that someone occupies in a social group	268
589271763	Anomie	Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the norms that usually guide their behavior	269
589271764	Contradictory class locations	Erik Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests	270
589332998	Underclass	a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations	271
589332999	Intergenerational mobility	the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next	272
589333000	Upward social mobility	movement up the social class ladder	273
589333001	Downward social mobility	movement down the social class ladder	274
589333002	Structural mobility	movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts	275
589333003	Exchange mobility	about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change	276
589340639	Poverty line	the official measure of poverty, calculated to include incomes that are less than three times the low cost food budget	277
589340640	[The] Feminization of poverty	refers t situation that most poor families in the US are headed by women	278