Music II Flashcards

1063800250	smallest interval used in the Western system; the octave divides into twelve such intervals; on the piano, the distance between any two adjacent keys, whether black or white	half step	0
1063800251	half step	semitones	1
1063800252	melody or harmony built from many if not all twelve semitones of the octave	chromatic	2
1063800254	consists of an ascending or descending sequence of semitones	chromatic scale	3
1063800255	musical symbol that indicates raising a pitch by a semitone	sharp	4
1063800257	musical symbol that indicates lowering a pitch by a semitone	flat	5
1063800258	interval consisting of two half steps	whole step	6
1063800282	defines the relationship of tones with a common center or tonic; also a lever on a keyboard or woodwind instrument	key	7
1063800283	melody or harmony built from the seven tones of a major or minor scale	diatonic	8
1063800284	encompasses patterns of seven whole tones and semitones	diatonic scale	9
1063800285	five-note pattern used in some African, Far Eastern, and Native American music; can also be found in Western music as an example of exoticism	pantatonic	10
1063800286	three-note scale pattern, used in the music of some sub-Sharan African cultures	tritonic	11
1063800288	seven-note scale; in non-Western music, often fashioned from a different dcdombination of intervals than major and minor scales	heptatonic	12
1063800289	musical interval smaller than a semitone, prevalent in some non-Western music and in some twentieth-century art music	microtone	13
1063800292	small alteration of the pitch by a microtonal interval	inflection	14
1063800294	in the diatonic system, chords which need to resolve the tonic chord; these include the dominant chord and the subdominant chord	active chords	15
1063800297	a chord that achieves a sense of resolution of completion, normally the tonic	rest chord	16
1063800300	the fifth scale step (sol)	dominant	17
1063800302	the fourth scale step (fa)	subdominant	18
1063800305	the process of changing from one key to another	modulation	19
1063800693	shifting a piece of music to a different pitch level	transposition	20
1063800939	rate of speed or pace of music	tempo	21
1063802527	element of musical expression relating to the degree of loudness or softness, or volume, of a sound	dynamics	22
1063802528	vocal style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer(s) and instrumental accompaniment	monody	23
1063802529	literally Italian for salon; a gathering for literary, artistic, musical, or philosophical discussions, notably the Fliorentine Camarata at the end of the sixteenth century	camerata	24
1063802935	Baroque practice consisting of an independent bass line that often includes numerals indicating the harmony to be supplied by the performer	figured bass	25
1063802937	figured bass	thorough-bass	26
1063802938	Italian for "continuous bass"; also refers to the performance group with bass, chordal instrument (harpsichord, organ) and one bass melody instrument (cello, bassoon)	basso continuo	27
1063802939	a harmonic system based on the use of the major and minor scales, widely practiced from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth century	major-minor tonality	28
1063802945	tuning system based on the division of the octave into twelve equal half steps; the system used today	equal temperament	29
1063802946	Baroque doctrine of the union of text and music	doctrine of affections	30
1063802948	male singer who was castrated during boyhood to preserve the soprano or alto vocal register, prominent in seventeenth and early eighteenth century opera	castrato	31
1063802961	French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry	chanson	32
1063802962	Renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem; also popular in England	madrigal	33
1063802963	musical pictoralizing of words from the text as an expressive device; a prominent feature of the Renaissance madrigal	word painting	34
1063823801	a striking effect designed to depict the meaning of the text in vocal music; found in many madrigals and other genres of the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries	madrigalisms	35
1063823802	one of the church modes often associated with a somber mood; built on the pitch E using only white keys	phrygian	36
1063824181	stately Renaissance court dance in duple meter	pavane	37
1063826484	Italian "jumping dance," often characterized by triplets in a rapid 4/4 time	saltarello	38
1063826485	lively, triple meter French court dance	galliard	39
1063826639	German dance in moderate duple time, popular during the Renaissance and Baroque periods; often the first movement of a Baroque suite	allemande	40
1063826640	lively Renaissance "round dance," associated with the outdoors, in which participants danced in a circle or a line	Ronde	41
1063826642	melodic decoration, either improvised or indicated through ornamentation signs in the music	embellishment	42
1063826948	musical drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes	opera	43
1063827021	solo vocal declamation that follows the inflection of the text, often resulting in a disjunct vocal style; found in opera, cantata, and oratoria; can be secco or accompagnato	recitative	44
1063827022	recitative singing style that features a sparse accompaniment and moves with great freedom	secco	45
1063827024	accompanied; also a recitative that is accompanied by orchestra	accompagnato	46
1063827025	lyric song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, generally expressing intense emotion; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio	aria	47
1063827026	lyric in ternary, or A-B-A form, commonly found in operas, cantatas, and oratorios	de capo aria	48
1063827266	an introductory movement, as in opera or oratorio, often presenting melodies from arias to come; also an orchestral work for concert performance	overture	49
1063827267	short orchestral work, found in Baroque opera, to facilitate scene changes	sinfonias	50
1063827273	the author of a libretto	librettist	51
1063827451	text or script of an opera, oratorio, cantata, or musical (also called the "book" in a musical)	libretto	52
1063827453	English genre of aristocratic entertainment that combined vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dance, developed during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries	masque	53
1063827537	country dance of British Isles, often in a lively triple meter, optional dance of movement of solo and orchestral Baroque suite; a type of duple meter hornpipe is still popular in Irish traditional dance music	hornpipe	54
1063828452	a repeating melody, usually in the bass, throughout a vocal or instrumental composition	ground bass	55
1063828453	vocal genre for solo singers, chorus, and instrumentalists based on lyric or dramatic poetic narrative; it generally consists of several movements, including recitatives, arias, and ensemble numbers	cantata	56
1063828456	large-scale dramatic genre originating in the Baroque, based on a text of religious or serious character, performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra; similar to opera but without scenery, costumes, or action	oratorio	57
1063828457	congregational hymn of the German Lutheran Church	chorale	58
1063828458	three-part A-B-A form, frequently used in music and poetry, particularly in Germany	bar form	59
1063828459	an association of amateur musicians, popular in the Baroque era; also a modern university ensemble dedicated to the performance of early music	collegium musicum	60
1063828460	short, recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and Baroque concerto	ritornello	61
1063828461	tragic Italian opera	opera seria	62
1063828578	a form of English street song, popular from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries; ballads are characterized by narrative content and strophic form	ballad	63
1063828581	English comic opera, usually featuring spoken dialogue alternating with songs set to popular tones	ballad opera/dialogue opera	64
1063828586	French Baroque dance, a standard movement of the suite, in triple meter at a moderate tempo	courante	65
1063828616	stately Spanish Baroque dance type in triple meter, a standard movement of the Baroque suite	sarabande	66
1063828617	a vigorous dance developed in the British Isles, usually in compound meter, became fashionable on the continent as the gigue; still popular as an Irish traditional dance genre	jig	67
1063828618	popular English Baroque dance type, a standard movement of the Baroque suite in a lively compound meter	gigue	68
1063828622	an elegant triple-meter dance type popular in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; usually in binary form	minuet	69
1063828624	duple-meter French Baroque dance type with a moderate quick tempo	gavotte	70
1063828627	lively French Baroque dance type in duple meter	bourree	71
1063828629	French Baroque court dance type; a faster version of the minuet	passepied	72
1063828630	musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic; in the classical multimovement cycle, it appears as the last movement in various forms including A-B-A-B-A, A-B-A-C-A, and A-B-A-C-A-B-A	rondo	73
1063828632	instrumental genre in several movements of concertos that combines elements of Baroque ritornello	concerto	74
1063828635	Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instrumentals (the concertino) and orchestra (the ripieno)	concerto grosso	75
1063828636	solo group of instruments in the Baroque concerto grosso	concertino	76
1063828646	all; the opposite of solo	tutti	77
1063828649	the larger of the two ensembles in the Baroque concerto grosso; also tutti	ripieno	78
1063828650	instrumental music endowed with literary or pictoral associations, especially popular in the nineteenth century	program music	79
1063828651	Baroque form (similar to chaconne) in moderately slow triple meter, based on a short, repeated base-line melody that serves as the basis for continuous variation in other voices	passacaglia	80
1063828652	Baroque form similar to the passacaglia, in which the variations are based on a repeated chord progression	chaconne	81
1063828653	instrumental work preceding a larger work	prelude	82
1063828654	virtuoso composition, generally for organ or harpsichord, in a free and rhapsodic style; in the Baroque, it often served as the introduction to a fugue	toccata	83
1063828655	polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes developed by imitative counterpoint	fugue	84
1063828656	main idea or theme of a work, as in a fugue	subject	85
1063828657	second entry of the subject in a fugue, usually pitched a fourth below or a fifth above the subject	answer	86
1063828660	opening section; in the fugue, the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject, in sonata-allegro form, the first section in which the major thematic material is stated	exposition	87
1063828661	exposition	statement	88
1063828662	interlude or intermediate section in the Baroque fugue that serves as an area of relaxation between statements of the subject	episode	89
1063828663	statement of a melody in longer note values, often twice as slow as the original	augmentation	90
1063828664	statement of a melody in shorter note values, often twice as fast as the original	diminuition	91
1063828665	backward statement of the melody	retrograde	92
1063828666	mirror or upside-down image of a melody pattern, found in fugues and twelve-tone compositions	inversion	93
1063828667	in a fugue, when entries of the subject occur at faster intervals of time, so that they overlap forming dense, imitative counterpoint; usually occurs at the climactic moment near the end	stretto	94