Campbell - Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Flashcards

GEEN to proTEEN

1341832007	in this hereditary condition, the urine is black because it contains a chemical which darkens upon exposure to air	alkaptonuria	0
1341832008	these two scientists worked with Neurospora crassa	Beadle, Tatum	1
1341832009	Beadle and Tatum bombarded this fungus with X-rays	Neurospora crassa	2
1341832010	Beadle and Tatum bombarded Neurospora with these	X-rays	3
1341832011	Neurospora crassa can survive in the laboratory on agar, inorganic salts, glucose, and biotin, a mixture called this	minimal medium	4
1341832012	for Neurospora crassa, this is a minimal medium plus all amino acids and some other nutrients	complete growth medium	5
1341832013	Beadle and Tatum supported the one-gene-one-___ hypothesis	enzyme	6
1341832014	Beadle and Tatum's original idea is now stated usually as one-gene-one-___	polypeptide	7
1341832015	ornithine becomes this, in the synthesis of arginine	citrulline	8
1341832016	citrulline comes from this, in the synthesis of arginine	ornithine	9
1341832017	citrulline becomes this, in the synthesis of arginine	arginine	10
1341832018	arginine comes from this, in its own synthesis	citrulline	11
1341832019	the DNA strand that is transcribed is called the ___ strand because it provides the pattern for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	template	12
1341832020	the term codon is also used for the DNA base triplets along the ___ strand	nontemplate	13
1341832021	the nontemplate strand is also called the ___ strand	coding	14
1341832022	coding strand is also called the ___ strand	sense	15
1341832023	nontemplate = coding = ___	sense	16
1341832024	nontemplate = ___ = sense	coding	17
1341832025	___ = coding = sense	nontemplate	18
1341832026	template = noncoding = ___	antisense	19
1341832027	template = ___ = antisense	noncoding	20
1341832028	___ = noncoding = antisense	template	21
1341832029	this amino acid is coded for by one of the stop codons only in archaea	pyrrolysine	22
1341832030	this amino acid is a component of some bacterial proteins and even some human enzymes, and is coded for by a stop codon	selenocysteine	23
1341832031	this enzyme pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins the RNA nucleotides as they base-pair along the DNA template	RNA polymerase	24
1341832032	the DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as this	promoter	25
1341832033	in bacteria, the sequence that signals the end of transcription is called this	terminator	26
1341832034	the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into RNA is called this	transcription unit	27
1341832035	the RNA polymerase in eukaryotes used for mRNA synthesis is called RNA pol ___	II	28
1341832036	the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter is called this	transcription initiation complex	29
1341832037	this is a crucial promoter DNA sequence	TATA box	30
1341832038	this is the signal sequence in eukaryotes that indicates RNA polymerase to stop	AAUAAA	31
1341832039	this is the name of AAUAAA	polyadenylation (signal sequence)	32
1341832040	5' cap is a modified form of this nucleotide	G(uanine)	33
1341832041	are UTRs exons or introns?	exons	34
1341832042	snRNPs stands for these	small nuclear ribonucleoproteins	35
1341832043	this is the RNA in a snRNP	snRNA	36
1341832044	snRNA stands for this	small nuclear RNA	37
1341832045	these make up a spliceosome	snRNPs	38
1341832046	this process is mixing-and-matching of RNA; introns increase the probability of potentially beneficial crossing over between exons by providing more terrain for crossovers without interruption	exon shuffling	39
1341832047	tRNAs carry these, which base pair with their anti-namesake on RNA	anticodons	40
1341832048	the amino acid attachment site has this sequence, from 5' to 3'	CCA	41
1341832049	these enzymes combine amino acids and tRNAs	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases	42
1341832050	aminoacyl tRNA is called "___" tRNA	charged	43
1341832051	charged tRNA is actually ___ tRNA	aminoacyl	44
1341832052	P in "APE" stands for this	peptidyl	45
1341832053	"E" in "APE" stands for this two word term	exit tunnel	46
1341832054	in eukaryotes, the small subunit of ribosome, with the tRNA already bound, binds to this of the mRNA	5' cap	47
1341832055	small subunit of ribosome binds to the 5' cap and then ___ downstream along the mRNA until it finds the start codon	scans	48
1341832056	mRNA, initiator tRNA, and small ribosomal subunit is followed by attachment of large subunit, completing this	translation intiation complex	49
1341832057	this molecule is used for energy to form the initiation complex of a ribosome, mRNA, and tRNA	GTP	50
1341832058	the methionine at the amino end is called the ___-terminus	N	51
1341832059	the final amino acid at the carboxyl end is called the ___-terminus	C	52
1341832060	addition of an amino acid to the growing chain involves the participation of several proteins called these	elongation factors	53
1341832061	this number of GTP is involved in adding one amino acid to a growing chain (from discovery to addition)	2	54
1341832062	when a ribosome reaches a stop codon on mRNA, the A site of the ribosome accepts a "___" which is shaped like a tRNA	release factor	55
1341832063	this number of GTP is involved with dissociation of ribosome and release factor and mRNA	2	56
1341832064	strings of ribosomes are called these for short	polysomes	57
1341832065	the polypeptides of proteins destined for the endomembrane system or for secretion are marked by a ___, which targets the protein to the ER	signal peptide	58
1341832066	this recognizes the signal peptide, bringing it to the ER membrane	signal-recognition particle (SRP)	59
1341832067	an ER pore is actually called this, and it is what the SRP binds to after binding to the signal peptide	translocation complex	60
1341832068	in hemoglobin, CTT is changed to this in sickle-cell	CAT	61
1341832069	in hemoglobin, GAA is changed to this in sickle-cell	GTA	62
1341832070	the mutant mRNA involved in sickle-cell is changed from GAA to this	GUA	63
1341832071	normal hemoglobin has a glutamic acid; sickled hemoglobin has what?	valine	64
1341832072	sickled hemoglobin has a valine; normal hemoglobin has what?	glutamic acid	65
1341832073	incorrect bases, if uncorrected, can be used as a template in the next round of replication, resulting in a ___ mutation	spontaneous	66
1341832074	these agents interact with DNA in ways tat cause mutations	mutagens	67