Era 3 1450 -1750 CE: The Columbian Exchange, Ocean Exploration, and Triangular Trade (Unit #12) Flashcards

2496662579	The Columbian Exchange and Ocean Exploration	-The Europeans were motivated to explore to get to China (remember our simulation!) and the Europeans take to the oceans in order to begin exploration -Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World accidentally -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, slaves, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -There was also the Triangular Trade -There was also a large growth in _______________ exploration as the Europeans also set up Trading Post Empires in Africa and Asia -This is the name of the unit	0
2496692094	Caravels	-The Portuguese were the European country that was most motivated to explore the oceans in the 1400s and 1500s -They built these long ships that were very maneuverable and could sail against the wind -Once they invented/developed these ships, they were able to explore and start trading post empires in Africa and Asia	1
2496692095	Magnetic Compass + Astrolabe	-During the 1400's and 1500's, the Europeans began borrowing sailing inventions from other cultures so they could sail across the Atlantic and around Africa -These were nautical (sailing) inventions that were absolutely key for European exploration -One was borrowed from China (Tang/Song invention) and had diffused to the Europeans; it helped them find their direction on the ocean -The second invention was the _______________; this was a Greek invention and helped them use the stars to find their latitude (location) on a map	2
2496695343	Volta do Mar	-As they became powerful ocean explorers, the Europeans began to learn that the winds and currents on the ocean moved in the same pattern every year -They could take advantage of these patterns when they sailed; if they were headed in the right direction at the right time of year, they could catch the winds at their back - The ________________________ was a wind pattern that the Portuguese used to help them sail more quickly to and from Portugal -The ___________________________ was so useful that all the European ships started to use this principle as they sailed all around the world, learning the different wind currents and patterns. "Return through the Sea." Portuguese sea route that took advantage of prevailing winds and currents, not the monsoon winds	3
2498195061	Square and Lateen Sails	-The Europeans needed to be able to sail in different types of wind in their caravels - ______________________ sails (the first term) allowed them to use a following wind (a wind blowing from behind) - ________________ sails, which were triangular, allowed them to catch winds from the side and ships like caravels could even sail INTO the wind -Use of both of these types of sails were KEY as the Europeans like de Gama, Columbus, Dias, and Magellan embarked on expeditions around the globe	4
2496697740	Prince Henry the Navigator 1450 CE	-This Portuguese King started a school for navigation and sailing to promote Portuguese sailing and exploration on the ocean -As King, he sponsored many of the first Portuguese voyages to explore the coast of Africa and find an ocean route to China -Started the Portuguese trading post empires -After his death, Dias and de Gama would successfully round the Cape of Good Hope of Africa	5
2496697741	Vasco de Gama 1498	-this Portuguese explorer was the first European sailor to sail around Africa in 1498 and make it to India -When he arrived in India, he traded for spices, brought them back, and sold his spices for a MASSIVE profit -The voyage was successful beyond the wildest dreams of anyone's imagination; he turned a profit 60 times the cost of the voyage -He used the volta do mar wind currents in his caravel to push himself faster and further to India -When he arrived in India, the kings there thought his trade goods were so weak and poor that he could not have possibly been sent by a King -Although he made money, over half of de Gama's crew died from scurvy -His profits were so massive that it inspired the rest of the Portuguese to try and start the Portuguese Trading Post Empire (1469-1525) completed all water expedition to India in 1498-brought back Indian goods-blow to Italian monopoly of trade with Asia	6
2496699442	Portuguese Trading Post Empire	-After the successful voyage of de Gama in his caravels, the Portuguese saw that there were ENORMOUS profits to be made in the spice trade with India and the silk trade with China -Instead of taking the silk roads, the Portuguese built ________________ along the coasts of Africa and India -By 1550, the Portuguese had built more than ______________________ between West Africa and East Asia. -They had superior canon to the Muslim and Asian boats and tried to force all other boats to buy a pass from the Portuguese -If a boat was found without a pass, they would be executed or their hands would be cut off	7
2496708117	Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1602	-The Dutch, like the Portuguese, also established a powerful trading post empire -They did it in India and Africa with a very powerful JOINT STOCK COMPANY that was started in 1602 -Unlike the Portuguese, this was a private company that required people to buy stock; if the company was successful, they got massive profits -This company established trading posts and a Trading Post Empire all over the world and the merchants who ran it were very powerful	8
2496702553	North Atlantic Fishing Trips	-Many Europeans were still taking trips across the _____________________________ in order to fish for cod -This led to the settlement of Iceland, Greenland, and Nova Scotia -Once the Americas were discovered, fishermen in the North Atlantic continued to look for a water route to Asia -Some people tried to go through North American rivers; others, like Vitus Bering, searched for routes through the Arctic and over the top of North America	9
2496704454	Jacques Cartier 1530 CE	-All of the Europeans were desperate to find "The Northwest Passage," a sea route to get to China by sailing through or over North America -Basically they were looking for a river that went all the way across North America so they could sail straight from Europe to China -This French explorer tried to find it three times in the 1530's, but failed every time -Instead, he claimed the land in Canada for France. The French established a powerful fur trade there. 1534, Explored Canada looking for the NW passage, traveled up the St. Lawrence River to Montreal, Discovered St. Lawrence River	10
2496692096	Zheng He 1425 CE	-This massive eunuch Chinese Admiral led seven HUGE sailing expeditions in the Indian Ocean -His TREASURE SHIPS were ENORMOUS; seven times the size of Columbus's ships, and carried up to 1000 passengers -His TREASURE SHIPS had four decks, nine masts, and could carry exotic animals, trees, herds of horses, armies, and entire communities -70 years before Columbus, ________________ and these ships were bigger, faster, and capable of long voyages -The Ming Dynasty stopped the voyages because the Chinese were already wealthy and they were seen as a waste of time, money, and resources; they decided to focus on defending themselves from land attack from the Mongols	11
2498197523	1425 CE	-Dates for Zheng He	12
2496712849	American Silver	-Above all else, as part of mercantilism, the Spanish wanted to get this so they could use it to increase their power and wealth -Once they mined it, they sent most of it on ships back to Spain; some of it traveled on the Manila Galleon boats to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -They had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to get this -As it spread around the world, this was critical for increasing trade and allowing countries to create money and currency	13
2496710693	Manila Galleons	-Once they mined it, the Spanish sent most of the silver back to Spain; some of it they put on MASSIVE trading ships known as the __________________ to the Philippines so it could be used to trade with China -These ships were ENORMOUS; as big as Zheng He; they brought Spanish silver to the Philippines, and then they used it to buy silk, porcelain, and other luxury goods from the Chinese -Some of the ____________________ sunk in the ocean and today people still dive for them; one was discovered the and silver was still worth millions of dollars -the Spanish had mines at Potosi and in Mexico where they used the Mit'a System to force the natives to work to mine the silver	14
2496712384	European Merchants in Asia	-In this area of the world, the European _________________ established trading posts -They found it difficult to take over this area of the world, and these countries were isolationist and were too powerful for the Europeans to take over -Therefore in this area, the European ____________ mainly just used their caravels to transport goods from one Asian market to another or brought goods to other trading posts in the Indian Ocean -They also brought goods from this region back to Europe for trade	15
2496715947	Mercantilism	-This was an economic theory that drove many of the European nations from 1450 - 1750 CE -This was an economic theory that stated that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world; that wealth was represented by gold and silver -The Europeans were competing to get as much of that wealth as they could for themselves; one important way to get wealth was to get colonies -This drove the British, Spanish, French, and Portuguese to be very competitive as they tried to take over colonies and grab as much wealth for themselves as possible	16
2496715948	Joint-Stock Companies	-Much of the British and European ocean exploration from 1450 CE to 1750 CE was driven by private companies and not by governments; a company would raise money by selling ____________________ -The company would sell ______________ to people; if you bought _______________ and the company did well, you would make a lot of money; if the company did not do well, your would lose money -People would buy ________________ and the companies would go on journeys to India and China to try to make money -The British East India Company was an example of this	17
2496717824	The Triangular Trade	-Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking slaves from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was known as the _______________________________________	18
2496717823	The Atlantic System	-Once the Columbian Exchange took off, there was a massive amount of TransAtlantic trade that took off across the Atlantic Ocean -The Europeans were sending manufactured goods to Africa, especially old and outdated guns -The European merchants were taking slaves from Africa to the Americas to work the sugar and tobacco plantations -They were bringing back raw materials from the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, maize, and other products -This whole system and pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was mainly known as the Triangular Trade. THIS QUESTION IS NOT THE TRIANGULAR TRADE. THIS IS A FANCY TERM FOR THE TRIANGULAR TRADE. -Basically--> European manufactured goods to Africa; --> African slaves to the Americas --> raw materials from the Americas to Europe	19
2496717825	Demographic Impact of the Middle Passage 1450 CE to 1850 CE	-Around 11 million slaves were transported from West Africa to the Americas on the __________________________________ -There was a massive impact on the _______________________ of West Africa. - A majority of slaves taken were men, so females outnumbered males in West Africa and many more females were able to rise to positions of power in their societies and kin groups -15% of slaves died on the _____________________, the journey from Africa to the Americas, as a result of the horrible conditions and diseases on board the ships -The African Diaspora was created as the demographics of the Caribbean and the Americas were changed; islands in the Caribbean became largely African, and African mixed in with South and North American populations	20
2496719585	The Columbian Exchange	-Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World accidentally -Once the Americas are discovered, the Europeans begin to colonize it; this sets off a MASSIVE exchange of goods, foods, slaves, diseases, and other things known as the______________________ -Diseases like Smallpox, Measles, and Influenza DECIMATED Amerindian populations -American food crops like Potatoes, Maize, and Manioc were very nutritional and spread to Europe, Asia, and Africa and helped increase world population -Cash crops like Sugar and Tobacco were grown in the Americas and sent to European markets	21
2496720215	Smallpox, Measles, Influenza Mosquitoes and Rats	-Three diseases that the Europeans brought over to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange that decimated/destroyed their population -These are two vermin/animal pests that were brought over on European ships to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange	22
2496723054	Potatoes, Maize, Manioc	-As part of the Columbian Exchange, the Europeans brought these three crops from the Americas and they spread to Asia and Africa -These crops were incredibly high in calories and nutrition; so as they spread around the world, populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia began to BOOM -Name the THREE American crops!	23
2496723055	American Cash Crops--Sugar and Tobacco	-The Europeans created colonies in the United States and used slave labor to create __________ crops as part of the Columbian Exchange -These were American luxury crops that were not vital or required for people's diets in Europe and the Middle East, but they were sold for lots of profit and money -These two ___________ crops grown in America and sold in European and Middle Eastern markets were _______________ and ____________________	24
2496725614	Eurasian Domesticated Animals--Pigs, Cattle, Horses	-These were Eurasian domesticated animals that were brought to the Americas as part of the Columbian Exchange -Two of these domesticated (tamed) animals were raised in the Americas to provide food for American populations -One was used by American Indians for transport and warfare	25
2496725615	Okra, Rice	-These two food crops were brought by African slaves to the Americas and were grown as food crops in the Americas -This was part of the Columbian Exchange -AFRICAN CROPS, brought by slaves, to the AMERICAS	26
2496728410	Nutritional Effects from Columbian Exchange	-As the American crops from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, it had a huge demographic (population) impact as populations around the world skyrocketed -crops like manioc in Africa, and the potato in Europe and Asia, had a big impact because it improved the ___________________ of people's diet. -So this means there was a big improvement in ______________ from the __________________ Exchange.	27
2496729853	Effect of Columbian Exchange on the Environment	-The Columbian Exchange led to a MASSIVE increase in agriculture in the Americas -European agricultural technology made a HUGE difference in the Americas and European colonists began farming all over North and South America -European farming practices had a HUGE impact on the _________________________ of the Americas as lots of soil was depleted and forests were destroyed -So the big takeaway here--the Columbian Exchange and European farming really DAMAGED the American _______________________ because the forests were cut down for wood and soil was robbed of nutrients	28
2499386937	Demographic Impact of the Columbian Exchange	-As American foods from the Columbian Exchange spread around the world, populations skyrocketed because of the nutritional value of American foods -Foods like manioc, potato, and maize had tons of calories, so populations in Eurasia and Africa went up -The native Amerindian population PLUMMETED because of the diseases brought by the Europeans -The first word is a fancy word for "Population"	29
2498157547	1500 - 1800	-Everything having to do with colonization and transAtlantic trade in the Americas happens AFTER Columbus -Dates of the Columbian Exchange	30
2498172248	French Colonies in North America	-The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Indian tribes in Canada -Unlike the English, these colonies had lots of mixing and marrying between the Indians and the European colonists; they called this "frontiers of inclusion" -The most profitable thing they gained from Canada was fur, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The _______________________ often intermarried with the Indians and took Indian wives, creating mixed populations	31
2498169664	French Fur Traders	-The Europeans from this country established a maritime empire North America/Canada -They established close alliances with the Indian tribes in Canada -The most profitable thing they gained from Canada was ___________________________, which they sent back to Europe for enormous profit -The _______________________ often intermarried with the Indians and took Indian wives, creating mixed populations	32