AP Bio Chapter 4: Carbon Flashcards
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| 1918052326 | Miller | Concluded that complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously under conditions thought to have existed on early Earth. | 0 | |
| 1918052327 | Skeletons | Formed by carbon chains in organic molecules. Vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in close rings. | 1 | |
| 1918052328 | Hydrocarbons | Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen | 2 | |
| 1918052329 | Isomers | Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties | 3 | |
| 1918052330 | Structural isomers | Same molecular formula, different covalent arrangements of their atoms. | 4 | |
| 1918052331 | Cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) | Same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but different spatial arrangements of their atoms due to the inflexibility of double bonds. This subtle difference in shape can dramatically affect the biological activities of organic molecules. | 5 | |
| 1918052332 | Enatiomer | One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon (one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms). Important in the pharmaceutical industry because two versions of a drug might not be equally effective (i.e. ibuprofen and albuterol) | 6 | |
| 1918052333 | Functional groups | Chemical groups that participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way. Affect molecular function. | 7 | |
| 1918052334 | Hydroxyl | -OH | 8 | |
| 1918052335 | Hydroxyl | Hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule. Is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules (hydrophilic). | 9 | |
| 1918052336 | Alcohol | Name of compound with a hydroxyl group | 10 | |
| 1918052337 | Carbonyl | Consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond | 11 | |
| 1918052338 | Carbonyl | >CO | 12 | |
| 1918052339 | Ketones, aldehydes | Two types of compounds with a carbonyl group (structural isomers) | 13 | |
| 1918052340 | Ketone | Compound where the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton | 14 | |
| 1918052341 | Aldehyde | Compound where the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton (H-C-R) | 15 | |
| 1918052342 | Carboxyl | -COOH | 16 | |
| 1918052343 | Carboxyl | When an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an -OH group | 17 | |
| 1918052344 | Organic acid | Compound formed by carboxyl groups | 18 | |
| 1918052345 | Carboxyl | Acts as an acid; can donate H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. Charge of 1-. | 19 | |
| 1918052346 | Methyl | Only hydrophobic functional group (decreases the solubility of organic compounds in water). | 20 | |
| 1918052347 | Amino | -NH₂ | 21 | |
| 1918052348 | Amino | Consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton | 22 | |
| 1918052349 | Amines | Compound formed by amino groups | 23 | |
| 1918052350 | Sulfhydryl | -SH | 24 | |
| 1918052351 | Sulfhydrl | Consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen. Resembles a hydroxyl group in shape. | 25 | |
| 1918052352 | Thiol | Compound formed by sulfhydrl groups | 26 | |
| 1918052353 | Sulfhydrl | Two of these groups can react to form a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structures and can maintain the curliness or straightness of hair. | 27 | |
| 1918052354 | Phosphate | -OPO₃²⁻ | 28 | |
| 1918052355 | Phosphate | A phosphorous atom is bonded to 4 oxygen atoms. One oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeletons. Two oxygens carry negative charges. | 29 | |
| 1918052356 | Organic phosphates | Compound formed by phosphate group | 30 | |
| 1918052357 | Phosphate | Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part. Have the potential to react with water, releasing energy. | 31 | |
| 1918052358 | Amino | Acts as a base. Has a charge of +1. | 32 | |
| 1918052359 | Methyl | -CH₃ | 33 | |
| 1918052360 | Methyl | Consists of a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms. The carbon may be attached to another carbon or a different atom. | 34 | |
| 1918052361 | Methylated | Compound formed by methyl groups | 35 | |
| 1918052362 | Methyl | Additional of this group to DNA affects gene expression. Arrangement of this group affects the shape and function of sex hormones. | 36 | |
| 1922577774 | Zwitterion | Double ion (+ and - on the same molecule)--most common form of an amino acid. | 37 |