in large urban factories zero 300 1825 foot pedals and running water merchants/commercial companies coke coal fields, iron ores, coastal ports the skill to make the machines that manufactured the products Rhine River coalfields, water communication, and ports high income and low cost friction of distance is the increase in time and cost with distance primary railroads locational interdependence agglomeration is when a substantial number of enterprises all develop in, or move to, the same area transportation costs along the Gulf of Mexico in Texas and Louisiana China, Japan, the US, Russia, and South Korea coalfields New England optics and ceramics (light industries) the Rhur cheap hydroelectric power transported cargo can be transferred form one kind of carrier to another