Campbell Biology Chapter 5- Test Flashcards

2173346935	What is a macromolecule?	large and complex molecules that each have unique properties that aries from the arrangement of there atoms. It doesn't necessarily have repeating building blocks.	0
2204697364	What is a Polymer?	A long molecule (macromolecule) that consists of many similar building blocks we call monomers	1
2204757592	What is a monomer?	repeating units of atoms that serve has the building blocks of polymers. They are linked together by covalent bonds.	2
2204699561	List for four classes of macromolecules.	Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.	3
2204769247	What classes of macromolecules are polymers?	Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.	4
2204701700	How are fats (lipids) different form the other three classes of macromolecules?	They are not polymers.	5
2204785060	How are polymers synthesized?	Helped by enzymes. They are synthesized by a covalent bond by loss of a water molecule. They call this dehydration reaction. One side of the monomer releases an H will the other side provides HO.	6
2204858442	How are polymers broken down?	By hydrolysis or the adding of a HO2 molecule.	7
2204992830	What is a carbohydrate?	Sugars and polymers of sugars. They serve of the major fuel and raw building material for cells.	8
2204995536	What are monosaccharides?	CH2O H-C-HO Glucose is the most common.	9
2205052383	How are monosaccharides classified?	Number of carbons and location of carbonyl group.	10
2205257022	what is a disaccharide and how is it bonded?	Its when two monosaccharides bond by a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage.	11
2205289222	What is a Polysaccharide and what does it do?	polymers of sugars, they are responsible for storage and structure. Macromolecule of carbohydrates.	12
2205316087	What is a starch?	Carbohydrate. Used for storage in plants	13
2205325417	What is Glycogen?	Storage polysaccharide in animals.	14
2205328504	What is cellulose?	Structural polysaccharide in plant cells. For the tough walls.	15
2205343980	What are Lipids?	hydrophobic macromolecules that aren't polymers. They mix poorly in water.	16
2205356212	Why do lipids mix poorly with water?	They consist mostly of hydrocarbons with form non-polar bonds.	17
2205359044	What are the most biologically important lipids?	fats, phospholipids and steroids.	18
2205375502	what are fats?	constructed from two types of smaller molecules: gycerol and fatty acids.	19
2205379716	What is glycerol?	three carbon alochol with hydroxl group attached to each carbon.	20
2205382822	What is a fatty acid?	carboxl group attached to a long carbon skeletion	21
2205415477	What bond forms fats?	Ester linkage. This consists of three fatty acids joined (the same or all different) to a glycerol this forms a triacylglycerol.	22
2205427028	What makes a fatty acid saturated?	maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. Ex. Butter. Animal fat.	23
2205430093	What makes a fatty acid unsaturated?	have one or more double bonds. Double bonding causes bending. Ex. Oils. Plant fat and fish fat.	24
2206245396	How do you make unsaturated fats into saturated fats?	Hydrogenation, by adding hydrogen.	25
2206240177	What are trans fats?	by hydrogenating vegetable oil. This creates trans double bonds.	26
2205809982	What are fatty acids hydrated with?	Hydrogen	27
2205836446	What is the main reason for fats?	energy storage	28
2205844540	What are phospholipids?	two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol. Fatty acids trails are hydrophobic while the phosphate group head is hydrophilic.	29
2206015281	What are steroids?	Lipids with carbon skeleton and four fused rings.	30
2206117792	Example steroid.	Cholesterol	31
2206167312	What are proteins?	Polymer with a wide range of structures and functions. They speed up chemical reaction, defense, storage, etc. Account for more than 50% of dry space within cell.	32
2206302092	Name all types of proteins, and their function.	1. Enzymatic- Acceleration of reactions. (digestive enzymes) 2. Defensive- Protect against disease (antibodies) 3. Storage- of amino acids (Casein) 4.Transport- of substances (Hemoglobin) 5.Hormonal- coordination of an organisms activities. (Insulin) 6.Receptor- Response to of cell to chemical stimuli 7.Contractile/Motor- movement 8.Structural- support (keratin)	33
2206355646	What are polypeptides?	unbranched polymers built from amino acids.	34
2206364419	What makes up a protein?	Polypeptides	35
2206372874	How are amino acids made up?	Amino+carboxyl group. They only differ in their properties because of the R groups (side Chains)	36
2206426986	Non-Polar Side chains		37
2206432851	Polar Side Chains		38
2206452962	Acidic and Basic Side chains		39