AP Biology - Chapter 02 (The Chemical Context of Life) Flashcards
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| 191325847 | anion | A negatively charged ion. | 0 | |
| 191325848 | atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. | 1 | |
| 191325849 | atomic mass | The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom. | 2 | |
| 191325850 | atomic nucleus | An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. | 3 | |
| 191325851 | atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. | 4 | |
| 191325852 | cation | An ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons. | 5 | |
| 191325853 | chemical bond | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. | 6 | |
| 191325854 | chemical equilibrium | In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. | 7 | |
| 191325855 | chemical reaction | A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds. | 8 | |
| 191325856 | compound | A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. | 9 | |
| 191325857 | covalent bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. | 10 | |
| 191325858 | dalton | A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles. | 11 | |
| 191325859 | electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. | 12 | |
| 191325860 | electron shell | An energy level represented as the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. | 13 | |
| 191325861 | electronegativity | The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. | 14 | |
| 191325862 | element | Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance. | 15 | |
| 191325863 | energy | The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). | 16 | |
| 191325864 | energy level | Any of several different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom. | 17 | |
| 191325865 | hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. | 18 | |
| 191325866 | ion | An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge. | 19 | |
| 191325867 | ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. | 20 | |
| 191325868 | ionic compound | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt. | 21 | |
| 191325869 | isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass. | 22 | |
| 191325870 | mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. | 23 | |
| 191325871 | matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. | 24 | |
| 191325872 | molecular formula | A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms. | 25 | |
| 191325873 | molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. | 26 | |
| 191325874 | neutron | An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom. | 27 | |
| 191325875 | nonpolar covalent bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. | 28 | |
| 191325876 | orbital | The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. | 29 | |
| 191325877 | periodic table of the elements | A chart of the chemical elements, arranged in three rows, corresponding to the number of electron shells in their atoms. | 30 | |
| 191325878 | polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. | 31 | |
| 191325879 | potential energy | The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement. | 32 | |
| 191325880 | product | An ending material in a chemical reaction. | 33 | |
| 191325881 | proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom. | 34 | |
| 191325882 | radioactive isotope | An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy. | 35 | |
| 191325883 | reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction. | 36 | |
| 191325884 | salt | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound. | 37 | |
| 191325885 | structural formula | A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds. | 38 | |
| 191325886 | trace element | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. | 39 | |
| 191325887 | valence | The bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell. | 40 | |
| 191325888 | valence electron | An electron in the outermost electron shell. | 41 | |
| 191325889 | valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. | 42 | |
| 191325890 | van der Waals interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations. | 43 |