Chapter 13 - How Populations Evolve Flashcards

Pacific Ridge School

59497062	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival	0
59497063	artificial selection	selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms	1
59497064	balancing selection	Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (balanced polymorphism)	2
59497065	biogeography	the study of the past and present distribution of species	3
59497066	Bottleneck effect	Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size	4
59497067	differential	Selection that causes a shift in allele frequency such that one more more alleles become more common over time	5
59497068	directional selection	occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait	6
59497069	disruptive selection	natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait	7
59497070	evolution	the gradual change in a species over time	8
59497071	evolutionary fitness	The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other members of the population	9
59497072	evolutionary tree	a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms	10
59497073	extinction	disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range	11
59497074	fitness (differential reprod. success)	offspring that survive to reproduce themselves	12
59497075	fossil record	chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers	13
59497076	Founder effect	Random change in the gene pool that occurs from a small starting colony size for a population	14
59497077	Gene flow	The gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals into our out of a population	15
59497078	Gene Pool	All the genes (alleles) in a population at a given time	16
59497079	Genetic Drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance	17
59497080	Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium(HWE)	a 'null model' of no evolution within a population, i.e. allele frequencies remain constant through generations	18
59497081	homologous structures	similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor	19
59497082	homology	similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry	20
59497083	Microevolution	evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies / a change in a population's gene pool over successive generations; evolutionary changes in species over comparably brief periods of time	21
59497084	Modern Synthesis	A comprehensive theory of evolution that incorporates genetics and includes most of Darwin's ideas, focusing on populations as the fundamental units of evolution	22
59497085	Mutation	A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; the ultimate source of genetic diversity	23
59497086	natural selection	The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species	24
59497087	paleontologist	scientist who studies fossils	25
59497088	Population	A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area (that therefore can potentially interbreed)	26
59497089	Population Genetics	The study of genetic changes in populations; the science of microevolutionary changes in populations	27
59497090	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction	28
59497091	Sexual selection	Change in the gene pool due to behavior that causes preferential mating with one or more genotypes / results from differences in traits affecting access to mates	29
59497092	stabilizing selection	intermediate forms are favored and extreme forms are eliminated/ Selection that maintains generally unchanging allele frequencies over time	30
59497093	strata	layers of sedimentary rock	31
59497094	vestigial organs	organs that serve no useful purpose for the organism; these suggest that sometime in the past they were useful	32
59504964	The Fossil Record	shows that organism have appeared in a historical sequence, and many fossils link ancestral species with those living today (Evidence of Evolution)	33
59504965	Biogeography	observations of the geographical distribution of species when closely related species tend to be found in the same geographical region (Evidence of Evolution)	34
59504966	comparative anatomy	Homologous structures among species and vestigial organs provide evidence of evolutionary history. (Evidence of Evolution), the study of the structures of different organisms. Looking at homologous parts: parts that have similar structure provide evidence with a common ancestor, but the structures have become adapted for different uses.	35
59504967	Comparative embryology	closely related species often have similar stages in their embryonic development (Evidence of Evolution)	36
59504968	molecular biology	all species share a common genetic code, suggesting that all forms of life are related through branching evolution from the earliest organisms. Comparisons of DNA and proteins provide evidence of evolutionary relationships.(Evidence of Evolution)	37
59504969	Darwin's theory of natural selection	Individuals best suited for a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less fit individuals	38
59504970	Natural selection in action	can be observed in the evolution of pesticide -resistent insects, drug-resistant microbes and horned lizards among many other organisms	39
59504971	Hardy-Weinberg formula	p^2 + 2pq = q^2 = 1	40
59504972	population genetics and health science	Hardy-Weinberg formula can be used to estimate the frequency of a harmful allele, which is useful information for public heath programs dealing with genetic diseases	41
59504973	homology	similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry	42
59504974	vestigial organs	organs that serve no useful purpose for the organism; these suggest that sometime in the past they were useful	43
59504975	Lamarck	French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics. , He thought that use or disuse of a particular body part could cause it to grow or shrink — just like using your arms a lot might cause the muscles to grow and not using them might cause those muscles to shrink.	44
59504976	Charles Darwin	british biologist who introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution; argued that specific behaviors evolved because they led to advantages in survival or reproduction	45
59504977	evolutionary adaptation	An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments	46
59504978	gradualism	the idea that large changes on Earth can result from the accumulation of small changes over a very long time.	47
59504979	p	in Hardy-Weinberg represents the frequency of the dominant allele	48
59504980	q	in Hardy-Weinberg represents the frequency of the recessive allele	49
59504981	p^2	in Hardy-Weinberg represents frequency of homozygous dominants	50
59504982	q^2	in Hardy-Weinberg represents frequency of homozygous recessives	51
59504983	2pq	in Hardy-Weinberg represents frequency of heterozygotes	52
59504984	bottleneck effect	changes in the gene pool caused by a rapid reduction in population size. Reduces genetic variability	53
59504985	founder effect	Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population's gene pool is not reflective of the original population.	54
59504986	directional selection	form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve	55
59504987	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle	56