Biochemistry Flashcards

1416392807	nonpolar covalent bond	a strong bond formed when electrons are shared equally	0
1416392808	polar covalent bond	a strong bond formed when electrons are shared unequally	1
1416392809	ionic bond	a bond formed when a more electronegative atom takes electrons from another atom	2
1416392810	hydrogen bond	weak bonds formed between molecules. They form when a positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a negatively charged atom of another molecule. No electron sharing or taking.	3
1416392811	polar	a molecule with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. These molecules are hydrophilic or water loving.	4
1416392812	nonpolar	a molecule with no negative or positive end. These molecules are hydrophobic or water fearing.	5
1416392813	cohesion	A property of water. It is the attraction between two water molecules. This attraction creates hydrogen bonds between water molecules.	6
1416392814	adhesion	A property of water. It is the attraction between a water molecule and another polar substance.	7
1416392815	transpiration	the movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a plant.	8
1416392816	specific heat capacity	the amount of energy needed to raise one mL (or g) of water one degree Celsius. It is the degree to which a substance changes in response to a gain or loss of heat. Water has a HIGH specific heat capacity -- it can take in a lot of heat energy before it changes temperature.	9
1416392817	hydrophilic	water loving	10
1416392818	hydrophobic	water fearing	11
1416392819	acid	molecule with a pH less than 7	12
1416392820	base	molecule with a pH greater than 7	13
2249960903	buffer	a substance that resists change in pH even when an acid or base is added to it	14
1416392822	dehydration synthesis	a reaction in which water is removed to create a covalent bond between two monomers	15
1416392823	hydrolysis	a reaction in which water is added to break a covalent bond between two monomers	16
1416392824	denature	occurs when the natural properties of a substance are taken. Occurs most often with proteins.	17
1416392825	polymer	a chain of monomers	18
1416392826	monomer	a small molecule that acts as one unit of a longer molecule called a polymer	19
1416392827	monosaccharide	the smallest unit of a sugar, one carbohydrate ring	20
1416392828	disaccharide	two monosaccharides bound by covalent bond	21
1416392829	polysaccharide	many monosaccharides bound together by covalent bonds	22
1416392830	starch	a polysaccharide found in plants to store energy long term	23
1416392831	glycogen	a polysaccharide found in animals to store energy long term	24
1416392832	cellulose	a polysaccharide found in plants to provide structural support	25
1416392833	chitin	a polysaccharide found in animals like insects to provide structural support	26
1416392834	steroid	a nonpolar hormone with a cholesterol base	27
1416392835	phospholipid	a lipid with two fatty acid tails and a polar phosphate head. It's the molecule that makes up most of the cell membrane.	28
1416392836	saturated	a lipid no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms.	29
1416392837	unsaturated	a lipid at least one double bond between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is not fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms	30
1416392838	amino acid	the smallest unit of a protein	31
1416392839	peptide bond	the bond between two amino acids	32
1416392840	alpha helix	the spiral shape formed by some polypeptide chains as proteins configure into their final shape. This is an option for the secondary structure of a protein.	33
1416392841	beta pleated sheet	the zig zag shape formed by some polypeptide chains as proteins configure into their final shape. This is an option for the secondary structure of a protein.	34
1416392842	primary structure	the structure of a protein that describes the simple order of amino acids	35
1416392843	secondary structure	the 3 dimensional shape that results from hydrogen bonds between amino acids	36
1416392844	tertiary structure	the 3 dimensional shape that allows proteins to form a globular shape	37
1416392845	quaternary structure	the combination of 2 or more tertiary structures of proteins	38
1416392846	phosphate group	a negatively charged molecule found in nucleotides. They help form the backbone of DNA and RNA along with sugars	39
1416392847	pentose sugar	a sugar that forms a pentagon ring	40
1416392848	nitrogenous base	the base that binds to a phosphate group and sugar to form a nucleotide	41
1416392849	nucleotide	the smallest unit of DNA or RNA. There are four of them - A,G,C,T	42