AP World History Chapter 6 Test Flashcards

998154071	Bedouin	nomads of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding and camels.	0
998154072	Shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually possess large herds, several wives, and many children	1
998154073	Mecca	the Arabian commercial center, home of Muhammad and future center of Islam	2
998154074	Medina	town Northeast of Mecca; the town asked Muhammad to come and resolve their intergroup differences	3
998154075	Hijra	Muhammad's flight to Medina; began the Muslim calendar.	4
998154076	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca and was later an Islamic dynasty.	5
998154077	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca that has been incorporated into Muslim worship.	6
998154078	Qur'an	recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam.	7
998154079	Umma	the community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create a degree of political unity.	8
998154080	Zakat	tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.	9
998154081	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	10
998154082	Caliph	the political and religious successor to Muhammad.	11
998154083	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a.	12
998154084	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph of the Islamic community.	13
998154085	Ridda Wars	wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans; restored unity of Islam.	14
998154086	Jihad	struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith.	15
998154087	Uthman	third caliph and member of the Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between the followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan.	16
998154088	Battle of Sifflan	fought in 657 C.E. between the forces of Ali and the Umayyad; settled by a negotiation that led to fragmentation in Ali's party.	17
998154089	Mu'awiya	(602-680) leader of the Umayyad clan; the first Umayyad caliph following the civil war with Ali.	18
998154090	Sunni	political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads.	19
998154091	Shi'a	also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali.	20
998154092	Karbala	site of death and defeat of Husayn, son of Ali; marked the beginning of the Shi'a resistance of Umayyad caliphate.	21
998154093	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam.	22
998154094	Jizya	head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territory.	23
998154095	Dhimmis	literally "people of the book"; Jews and Christians in Islamic territories.	24
998154096	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	25
998154097	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from the from the Persian provinces of the empire.	26
998154098	Ayan	landed elite of the Abbasid rule	27
998154099	Quraysh	Bedouin Tribe, founded Mecca and dominated it's politics and commercial economy.	28
998154100	Allah	supreme god in the monotheistic religion of Islam.	29
998154101	Khadijah	(595-619 C.E.) first wife of the prophet Muhammad.	30
998154102	Hijra	Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina.	31
998154103	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	32
998154104	Hajj	a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	33
998154105	Damascus	Syrian city that was the capital of the Umayyad caliphate.	34
998154106	Hadiths	traditions of the prophet Muhammad.	35
998154107	Battle of River Zab	victory of the Abbasid over the Umayyad; resulted in the conquest of Syria and capture of the Umayyad capital.	36
998154108	Baghdad	capital of the Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near the ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	37
998154109	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sail; strongly influenced by European ship design.	38
998154110	Mosque	Islamic house of worship.	39
998154111	610 C.E.	Muhammad receives his first revelations	40
998154112	622 C.E.	Muhammad makes his flight from Mecca to Medina	41
998154113	633-634 C.E.	Ridda Wars begin in Arabia	42
998154114	656 C.E.	assassination of Uthman	43
998154115	657 C.E.	Battle of Stiffin	44
998154116	750 C.E.	end of Umayyad dynasty	45
998154117	the center of Islam was moving onward from...	Mecca	46
998181196	City locations in Arabia from north to south:	Damascus, Baghdad, Medina, Mecca	47
998181197	Understanding Sunni's	backed by the Umayyads, political center was Damascus	48
998181198	Understanding Shi'as	believed Ali should have been caliph	49
998181199	most Islam converts were won over...	peacefully	50
998181200	who was the first caliph and what did he do?	Abu Bakr, had much knowledge of the history of all the tribes and could form alliances, kind and courageous, had no financial support from Muslim community	51
998181201	who was the third caliph and what did he do?	Uthman, was unliked by most tribes especially from Medina and was killed. His death lead Ali to become Caliph	52
998181202	Why was it easy for Abbasid forces to take over the Umayyads?	The Umayyads were so spaced out they were not unified or protected	53
998181203	After the Abbasid took over the Umayyads, where was the capital moved to?	Baghdad	54
998181204	Growth in Abbasid cities was due to..	increase in handicraft production	55
998181205	In Islamic culture, artistic representation focused on..	the building of mosques	56
998181206	Arab culture had....Islam	nurtured	57
998181207	descendents were often traced through the...	mother	58
998181208	women played a key role in...	economics	59