Biology Campbell Chapter 5 Flashcards

1739085209	Macromolecules	Large on molecular scale	0
1739085210	Polymers	Long molecule made up of building blocks called monomers	1
1739085211	Monomers	Small molecules that make up long molecules called polymers	2
1739085212	Enzymes	Macromolecules that make or break polymers in a cell and speed chemical reactions	3
1739085213	Dehydration reaction	Bonds monomers covalently when water is lost	4
1739085214	Hydrolysis	Polymers are broken into monomers through this reverse dehydration reaction	5
1739085215	Carbohydrates	Sugars and polymers of sugars	6
1739085216	Disaccharides	Two monosaccharides bound by a covalent bond	7
1739085217	Monosacchirides	A multiple of CH₂O	8
1739085218	Glycosidic linkage	Joins disacchirides and is a covalent bond between two monosacchirides through a dehydration reaction	9
1739085219	Polysacchirides	Macromolecues that are a jointing of monosacchirides with glycosidic linkages and store then hydrolyzed to give energy to cells and can be used as structure material	10
1739085220	Starch	How plants store polysaccharides and is a polymer of glucose monomers stored in plastids	11
1739085221	Glycogen	How animals store polysaccharides energy in liver or muscle	12
1739085222	Cellulose	Polysacchiride that creates walls in plant cells	13
1739085223	Chitin	A polysaccharide that is a carbohydrate used to make exoskeleton of arthropods	14
1739085224	Lipids	Mix poorly with water and are large molecules	15
1739085225	Fats	Large molecules made through dehydration synthesis of small molecules include glycerol and fatty acids	16
1739085226	Fatty acids	Long carbon skeleton with carboxyl group at one end and a hydrocarbon chain that is hydrophobic	17
1739085227	Triglycerol	Three fatty acid molecules with a glycerol due to an ester link	18
1739085228	Saturated fatty acid	No double bond in carbon atoms but hydrogen bonded to carbon	19
1739085229	Trans fat	Unsaturated fat bonded with trans double bonds	20
1739085230	Phospholipids	Make up cell membrane with two fatty acids connected to glycerol connected to phosphate	21
1739085231	Steroids	Lipids made of carbon skeleton with four fused rings and what connects to rings makes the steroids distinct	22
1739085232	Cholestorol	Example of a steroid	23
1739085233	Catalysts	Speed up a reaction but not consumed by a reaction	24
1739085234	Polypeptide	Amino acid polymers	25
1739085235	Protein	A biologically functioning molecule of one or more polypeptides	26
1739085236	Enzymatic proteins	Speed up certain chemical reactions such as in the digestion	27
1739085237	Defensive proteins	Protect against disease such as antibodies	28
1739085238	Storage proteins	Store amino acids	29
1739085239	Transport proteins	Transport substances such as hemoglobin	30
1739085240	Hormonal proteins	Coordinate organism's activities such as insulin	31
1739085241	Receptor proteins	How cell responds to stimuli	32
1739085242	Contractile and motor proteins	Proteins for movement	33
1739085243	Structural proteins	Proteins that support	34
1739085244	Amino acid	Organic molecule with an amino group and carboxyl group	35
1739085245	Peptide bond	Peptide bonds bond amino acids through dehydration reaction of carboxyl group	36
1739085246	Primary structure	Linked amino acids with a unique structure and determines second and third structure	37
1739085247	Helix (weird a)	Hydrogen bonding with every fourth amino acid	38
1739085248	Pleated sheet (weird b)	Polypeptide chain laying side by side connected by hydrogen bonds	39
1739085249	Tertiary structure	Overall interactions between side chains	40
1739085250	Hydrophobic Interaction	Hydrophobic non polar side chains end up in inner clusters due to water avoiding non polar	41
1739085251	Disulfate bridges	Covalent bonds with two cistine bridges connected to each other with Sulfur bonding to each other	42
1739085252	Quaternary structure	Structure due to protons of two or more poly peptide chains together in a macromolecule	43
1739085253	Sickle-cell disease	A blood disorder where amino acids replaces and the change in protein structure can clog blood vessels	44
1739085254	Denaturation	This occurs with poor chemical or environmental conditions lead to an inactive protein	45
1739085255	Chaperonins	Protein molecules that help proteins fold and protect folding proteins and check folds and if the folds are wrong destroys protein	46
1739085256	X-ray crystallography	Help scientists get 3D folding of protein	47
1739085257	Gene	Programs amino acid sequence in polypeptide	48
1739085258	Nucleic acids	Polymers made of monomers named nucleotides	49
1739085259	Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA	Tells DNA how to replicate and is made up of many genes and proteins read off of DNA	50
1739085260	Ribonucleic acid or RNA	RNA reads DNA to produce proteins at the ribosomes	51
1739085261	Polynucleotides	Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers	52
1739085262	Nucleotides	Monomers of polynucleotides made of a nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, and one or more phosphates	53
1739085263	Pyrimidines	An example of a nitrogenous base with one six member carbon and nitrogen ring	54
1739085264	Purines	An example of a nitrogenous base with a six member ring fused with a five member ring	55
1739085265	Deoxyribose	The sugar in a nucleotide for DNA	56
1739085266	Ribose	The sugar in to a nucleotide for RNA	57
1739085267	Double helix	Two polynucleotides that spiral and make DNA structure	58
1739085268	Antiparallel	The two spirals of a double helix run five prime to three prime and then the opposite on the other	59
1739140761	Secondary structure	Fold pattern in polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonds	60