Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 2375194534 | What is the most common intracellular buffer? | Protein | 0 | |
| 2375194535 | What is the most common extracellular buffer? | Bicarbonate | 1 | |
| 2375194536 | What is a Zwitterion? | A molecule with one negative and one positive end | 2 | |
| 2375194537 | What is the Isoelectric Point? | The pH at which there is no net charge | 3 | |
| 2375194538 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycolysis? | PFK-1 |  | 4 |
| 2375194539 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Gluconeogenesis? | Pyruvate carboxylase |  | 5 |
| 2375194540 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt? | G-6PD |  | 6 |
| 2375206063 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenesis? | Glycogen synthase |  | 7 |
| 2375206064 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenolysis? | Glycogen phosphorylase |  | 8 |
| 2375206065 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in FA synthesis? | AcCoA carboxylase |  | 9 |
| 2375206066 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in β oxidation? | CAT-1 | 10 | |
| 2375206067 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Cholesterol synthesis? | HMG CoA reductase | 11 | |
| 2375206068 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenosis? | HMG CoA S'nd1ase |  | 12 |
| 2375206069 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Purine synthesis? | PRPP synd1ase | 13 | |
| 2375206070 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine synthesis? | Asp transcarbamoylase |  | 14 |
| 2375229507 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle | Isocitrate dehydrogenase? |  | 15 |
| 2375229508 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Urea cycle? | CPS-I |  | 16 |
| 2375229509 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Heme synthesis? | delta-ALA synthase |  | 17 |
| 2375229510 | What are the catabolic pathways that create energy? | ''ABC" AcetylCoA production β-oxidation Citric acid cycle | 18 | |
| 2375229511 | What are the anabolic pathways that store energy? MUST EDIT | "EFGH" ER fatty acid synthesis Glycolysis HMP shunt | 19 | |
| 2375229512 | What are the anabolic + catabolic pathways? | "HUG" Heme synthesis Urea cycle Gluconeogenesis | 20 | |
| 2375229513 | What does an Isomerase do? | Creates an isomer | 21 | |
| 2375229514 | What does an Epimerase do? | Creates an epimer, which differs around 1 chiral carbon | 22 | |
| 2375229515 | What does a Mutase do? | Moves sidechain from one carbon to another (intrachain) | 23 | |
| 2375229516 | What does a Transferase do? | Moves sidechain from one substrate to another (interchain) | 24 | |
| 2375229517 | What does a Kinase do? | Phosphorylates using ATP | 25 | |
| 2375229518 | What does a Phosphorylase do? | Phosphorylates using Pi | 26 | |
| 2375229519 | What does a Carboxylase do? | Forms C-C bonds (w/ ATP and biotin) | 27 | |
| 2375229520 | What does a Synthase do? | Consumes 2 substrates | 28 | |
| 2375229521 | What does a Synthetase do? | Consumes 2 substrates, uses ATP | 29 | |
| 2375229522 | What does a Phosphatase do? | Breaks phosphate bond | 30 | |
| 2375229523 | What does a Hydrolase do? | Breaks a bond with water | 31 | |
| 2375229524 | What does a Lyase do? | Cuts C-C bonds w/ ATP | 32 | |
| 2375229525 | What does a Dehydrogenase do? | Removes H with a cofactor | 33 | |
| 2375229526 | What does a Thio do? | Breaks S bonds | 34 | |
| 2375229527 | What is Diffusion? | From high to low concentration | 35 | |
| 2375229528 | What is Active Transport? | Goes against concentration gradient | 36 | |
| 2375229529 | What is Zero-order kinetics? | Metabolism independent of concentration | 37 | |
| 2375229530 | What is 1st-order kinetics? | Constant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug concentration | 38 | |
| 2375229531 | What is Efficacy? | Max effect regardless of dose (lower w/ non-competitive antagonist) | 39 | |
| 2375229532 | What effects Efficacy? | Vmax | 40 | |
| 2375248808 | What is Potency? | amount of drug needed to produce effect (lower w/ comp antagonist) | 41 | |
| 2375248809 | What affects Potency? | Km | 42 | |
| 2375248810 | What is Kd? | Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors | 43 | |
| 2375248811 | What is EC5o? | Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response | 44 | |
| 2375248812 | What is Competitive Inhibition? | Fights for active site, no change in Vmax, potency decreases | 45 | |
| 2375248813 | What is Non-competitive Inhibition? | Binds a regulatory site, no change in Km, efficacy decreases, decreased Vmax | 46 | |
| 2405506000 | What is an Endothermic Reaction | consumes heat | 47 | |
| 2405506001 | What is an Exothermic Reaction | Gives off heat | 48 | |
| 2405506002 | What is the Peak level | 4 hrs after dose (too high=> decrease dose) | 49 | |
| 2405506003 | What is the Trough level | 2 hrs before next dose (too high => give less often) | 50 | |
| 2405506004 | What is t1/2 | Half-life, the time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested | 51 | |
| 2405506005 | What is von Gierke | G-6Pase deficiency= > hypoglycemia, hepatosplenomegaly | 52 | |
| 2405506006 | What is Pompe's | Cardiac alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency = > DIE early | 53 | |
| 2405506007 | What is Cori's | DEbranching enzyme deficiency = > short branches of glycogen | 54 | |
| 2405506009 | What is Anderson's | Branching enzyme deficiency = > long chains of glycogen | 55 | |
| 2405506010 | What is McArdle's | Muscle phosphorylase deficiency = > muscle cramps w/ exercise | 56 | |
| 2405506011 | What is Essential Fructosuria | Fructokinase deficiency => excrete fructose (still have hexokinase) | 57 | |
| 2405506013 | What is Fructosemia | "Fructose intolerance" (Aldolase B deficiency ) →liver damage | 58 | |
| 2405506014 | What does a Galactokinase deficiency cause | Cataracts | 59 | |
| 2405506015 | What does Galactosemia cause | Cataracts, mental retarda tion, liver damage | 60 | |
| 2405506016 | What does the Citrate shuttle do | FA transport out of the mitochondria | 61 | |
| 2405506017 | What does the Carnitine shuttle do | FA transport into the mitochondria | 62 | |
| 2405506018 | What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula | Tay-Sachs, Niemann- Pick | 63 | |
| 2405506019 | What lysosomal diseases have a Gargoyle face | Gaucher's, Hurler's | 64 | |
| 2405506020 | What is Tay-Sachs | Hexosaminidase A deficiency=> blindness, incoordination, dementia | 65 | |
| 2405506022 | What is Sandhoff's | Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency | 66 | |
| 2405506023 | What is Gaucher's | Glucocerebrosidase d eficiency => wrinkled tissue MP, bone pain | 67 | |
| 2405506024 | What is Niemann-Pick | Sphingomyelinase deficiency => zebra bodies | 68 | |
| 2405506025 | What is Fabry's | alpha-galactosidase deficiency=> corneal clouding, attacks baby's kidneys , X-linked | 69 | |
| 2405506026 | What is Krabbe's | beta-galactosidase deficiency=> globoid bodies | 70 | |
| 2405506027 | What is Metachromatic Leukodystrophy | Arylsulfatase deficiency => childhood MS | 71 | |
| 2405506028 | What is Hunter's | Iduronidase deficiency, milder form | 72 | |
| 2405506029 | What is Hurler's | Iduronidase deficiency, worse form | 73 | |
| 2405506030 | What is Lesch-Nyhan | (HGPRT deficiency) =>gout, neuropathy, self-mutilation | 74 | |
| 2405506031 | What do white diaper crystals suggest | Excess orotic acid (pyrimidine synthesis pathway) | 75 | |
| 2405506032 | What does biotin donate methyl groups for | Carboxylation | 76 | |
| 2405506033 | What does THF donate methyl groups for | Nucleotides | 77 | |
| 2405506034 | What does SAM donate methyl groups for | All other reactions | 78 | |
| 2405506035 | What is the difference b/w Heterochromatin and Euchromatin | Heterochromatin = tightly coiled (30nm fibers) Euchromatin = loose ( 10nm fibers ) | 79 | |
| 2405506036 | What are the Purines | A,G | 80 | |
| 2405506037 | What are the Pyrimidines | C,U,T | 81 | |
| 2405506038 | What is a silent mutation | Changes leave the same amino acid | 82 | |
| 2405506039 | What is a point mutation | Changes 1 base | 83 | |
| 2405506040 | What is a transition | Changes 1 purine to another purine | 84 | |
| 2405506041 | What is a transversion | Changes 1 purine to a pyrimidine | 85 | |
| 2405506042 | What is a frameshift mutation | Insert or delete 1 -2 bases | 86 | |
| 2405506043 | What is a missense mutation | Mistaken amino acid substitution | 87 | |
| 2405506044 | What is a nonsense mutation | Early stop codon | 88 | |
| 2405506045 | What does a Southern blot detect | DNA "SNOW DROP" | 89 | |
| 2405506046 | What does a Northern blot detect | RNA "SNOW DROP" | 90 | |
| 2405506047 | What does a Western blot detect | Protein "SNOW DROP" | 91 | |
| 2405506048 | What are the essential amino acids | "I saw he phoned at 3:09, and met licentious argentines - Lucy, Tracy and Val" Ile His Phe Thr Met Lys Arg Leu Trp Val | 92 | |
| 2405506049 | What are the essential fatty acids | Linolenic, Linoleic | 93 | |
| 2405506050 | What are the acidic amino acids | Asp, Glu | 94 | |
| 2405506051 | What are the basic amino acids | Lys, Arg | 95 | |
| 2405506052 | What are the sulfur-containing amino acids | Cys, Met | 96 | |
| 2405506053 | What are the 0-bond amino acids | Ser, Thr, Tyr | 97 | |
| 2405506054 | What are the N-bond amino acids | Asp, Gln - Acidic | 98 | |
| 2405506055 | What ate the branched amino acids | Leu, Ile, Val "I saw Lucy and Val" | 99 | |
| 2405506056 | What are the aromatic amino acids | Phe, Tyr, Trp | 100 | |
| 2405506057 | What is the smallest amino acid | Gly | 101 | |
| 2405506058 | What are the ketogenic amino acids | Lys, Leu | 102 | |
| 2405506059 | What are the glucogenic + ketogenic amino acids | PITT Phe, Iso, Thr, Trp | 103 | |
| 2405506060 | What are the glucogenic amino acids | All the rest | 104 | |
| 2405506061 | What amino acids does Trypsin cut | Lys, Arg - basic | 105 | |
| 2405506062 | What amino acids does beta-ME cut | Cys, Met | 106 | |
| 2405506063 | What amino acids does Acid Hydrolysis denature | Asp, Gln | 107 | |
| 2405506064 | What·amino acids does Chymotrypsin cut | Phe, Tyr, Trp - aromatic | 108 | |
| 2405506065 | What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction | Pro | 109 | |
| 2405603003 | What does Carboxyptidase cut | Left of any amino acid on th e carboxyl- terminal | 110 | |
| 2405603004 | What does Aminopeptidase cut | Right t of N terminus | 111 | |
| 2405603005 | What does CNBr cut | Right o f Met | 112 | |
| 2405603006 | What does Mercaptoethanol cut | Right of Cys, Met - sulfur | 113 | |
| 2405603007 | What does Elastase cut | Right of Gly, Ala, Ser | 114 | |
| 2405603008 | What does Trypsin cut | Arg, Lys - basic | 115 | |
| 2405603009 | What does Chymotrypsin cut | Phe, Tyr , Trp - aromatic | 116 | |
| 2405603010 | What does alpha1-AT do | Inhibits trypsin from getting loose | 117 | |
| 2405603011 | What is PKU | No Phe --> Tyr (via Phe Hydroxylase) : Nutrasweet sensitivity, mental retardation , pale, blond hair, blue eyes, musty odor | 118 | |
| 2405603012 | What is Albinism | No Tyr--> Melanin (via Tyrosinase) | 119 | |
| 2405603013 | What is Maple Syrup Urine disease | Defective metabolism of branced aa (Leu, Iso, Val)=> aa leak out | 120 | |
| 2405603014 | What is Homocystinuria | No Homocystine --> Cys : "COLA" stones Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine | 121 | |
| 2405603015 | What is Pellagra | Niacin deficiency: • Dermatitis, Diarrhea , Dementia , Death | 122 | |
| 2405603016 | What is Hartnup's | No Tr p => Niacin + Serotonin • Presents like Pellagra • Can mimic corn-rich diet | 123 | |
| 2405603017 | What causes anterior leg bowing | Neonatal syphilis | 124 | |
| 2405603018 | What causes lateral leg bowing | Rickets | 125 | |
| 2405603019 | What are the names of the B vitamins | "The Rich Never Lie about Panning Pyrite Filled Creeks" Vit B1 = Thiamine Vit B2 = Riboflavin Vit B3 = Niacin Vit B4, = Lipoic acid Vit B5 = Pantothenic acid Vit B6 = Pyridoxine Vit B9 = Folate Vit B12 = Cobalamin | 126 | |
| 2405603020 | What does VitA do | Night vision , CSF production , PTH | 127 | |
| 2405603021 | Wha t does Vit B 1 do | Dehydrogenases, transketolasc (PPP) cofactors | 128 | |
| 2405603022 | What does Vit B 2 do | FAD cofactor | 129 | |
| 2405603023 | What does Vit B3 do | NAD cofactor | 130 | |
| 2405603024 | What does Vit B 4 do | Glycolysis, no known diseases | 131 | |
| 2405603025 | What does Vit B 5 do | Part of AcetylCoA, no known diseases | 132 | |
| 2405603026 | What does Vit B 6 do | Transaminase cofactor, myelin integrity | 133 | |
| 2405603027 | What does Vit B 9 do | Nuclear division | 134 | |
| 2405603028 | What does Vit B 12 do | Cofactor for HMT MMM | 135 | |
| 2405603029 | What does Vit C do | Collagen synthesis | 136 | |
| 2405603030 | What does Vit D do | Mineralization of bones, teeth | 137 | |
| 2405603031 | What does Vit K do | Clotting | 138 | |
| 2405603032 | What does Biotin do | Carboxylation | 139 | |
| 2405603033 | What does Ca2+ do | Neuronal function, atrial depobrization, skeletal muscle depolarization | 140 | |
| 2405603034 | What does Cu2+ do | Collagen synthesis | 141 | |
| 2405603035 | What does Fe2+ do | Hb function, electron transport | 142 | |
| 2405603036 | What is Bronze pigmentation | Fe deposit in skin | 143 | |
| 2405603037 | What is Bronze cirrhosis | Fe deposit in liver | 144 | |
| 2405603038 | What is Bronze diabetes | Fe deposit in pancreas | 145 | |
| 2405603039 | What is Hemosiderosis | Fe overload in bone marrow | 146 | |
| 2405603040 | What is Hemochromatosis | Fe deposit in organs | 147 | |
| 2405603041 | What does Mg2+ do | PTH and kinase cofactor | 148 | |
| 2405603042 | What does Zn2+ do | Taste buds, hair, sperm function | 149 | |
| 2405603043 | What does Cr do (chromium) | Insulin function | 150 | |
| 2405603044 | What does Mo do (molybdenum) | Purine breakdown (xanthine oxidase) | 151 | |
| 2405603045 | What does Mn do (manganese) | Glycolysis | 152 | |
| 2405603046 | What does Se do (selenium) | Heart function :::::> dilated cardiomyopathy | 153 | |
| 2405603047 | What does Sn do (tin) | Hair | 154 | |
| 2405603048 | What is Kwashiorkor | Malabsorption, big belly (ascites), protein deficiency | 155 | |
| 2405603049 | What is Marasmus | Starvation, skinny, calorie deficiency | 156 | |
| 2405603050 | Where does the Pre label send stuff to | ER | 157 | |
| 2405603051 | Where does the Pro label send stuff to | Golgi | 158 | |
| 2405603052 | Where does the Mannose-6-P send stuff to | Lysosome | 159 | |
| 2405603053 | Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to | Mitochondria | 160 | |
| 2405603054 | What are the 4 types of collagen | "SCAB" Type 1: Skin, bone Type II: Connective tissue, aqueous humor Type III: Arteries Type IV: Basement membrane | 161 | |
| 2405603055 | How does Scleroderma present | Tight skin | 162 | |
| 2405603056 | How does Ehlers Danlos present | Hyperstretchable skin | 163 | |
| 2405603057 | How does Marfan's present | Hyperextensible joints, arachnodactyly, wing span longer than height, Aortic root dilatation, aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, Dislocated lens from bottom of eye -> look up | 164 | |
| 2405603058 | How does Homocystinuria present | Dislocated lens from top -> look down | 165 | |
| 2405603059 | How does Kinky hair disease present | Hair looks like copper wire (Cu deficiency) | 166 | |
| 2405603060 | How does Scurvy present | Bleeding gums, bleeding hair follicles | 167 | |
| 2405603061 | How does Takayasu arteritis present | Asian female with very weak pulse | 168 | |
| 2405603062 | How does Osteogenesis lmperfecta present | Shattered bones, blue sclera | 169 |