Biology - Campbell 10th Ed Ch 5 Flashcards

412843208	polymer	many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	0
412843209	monomers	building blocks of polymers	1
412843211	enzymes	macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions	2
412843212	dehydration reaction	two molecules covalently bonded together with the loss of a water molecule	3
412843213	dehydration reaction	one monomer provides a hydroxyl group (-OH), while the other provides a hydrogen (-H)	4
412843214	hydrolysis	reverse reaction of dehydration	5
412843215	hydrolysis	polymers are disassembled to monomers	6
412843217	hydrolysis	water breakage	7
412843498	protein	build from 20 kinds of amino acids	8
412843500	carbohydrates	sugars and polymers of sugars	9
412843501	monosaccharides	single sugar	10
412843502	hexoses	6 carbon sugar	11
412843504	trioses	3 carbon sugar	12
412843505	pentose	5 carbon sugar	13
412843506	rings	in aqueous solutions, glucose, as well as other five- and six-carbon sugars form	14
412843508	disaccharide	two monosaccarhides joined by a glycosidic linkage	15
412843511	glycosidic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccarhides by a dehydration reaction	16
412843512	maltose	glucose + glucose glycosidic linkage	17
412843513	sucrose	glucose + fructose	18
412843515	polysaccharides	macromolecules, polymers w/ a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage	19
412843516	starch	polymer of glucose monomers	20
412843517	stored energy	starch	21
412843518	amylose	simplest form of starch, unbranched	22
412843520	amylopectin	complex form of starch, branched polymer	23
412843521	glycogen	a polysaccharide stored by animals	24
412843522	glycogen	a polymer of glucose much like amylopectin but more extensively branched	25
412843523	type of polysaccharide	cellulose	26
412843524	cellulose	most abundant organic compound on earth	27
412843525	cellulose	polymer of glucose	28
412843526	cellulose	insoluble fiber	29
412843527	chitin	carbohydrate used by arthropods to build exoskeletons	30
412843529	chitin	structural polysaccharide	31
412843533	lipids	biological molecules that does not include true polymers	32
412843534	lipids	generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules	33
412843537	lipids	mix poorly (if at all) with water	34
412843540	lipids	mostly of hydrocarbon regions	35
412843546	lipids	waxes	36
412843549	fats, phospholipids and steroids	lipids	37
412843550	fat	constructed from glycerol and fatty acids	38
412843551	fatty acid	long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms length	39
412843552	relatively non polar c-h bonds in hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids	why are fats hydrophobic	40
412843553	triacyglycerol	three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule	41
412843554	saturated fatty acid	no double bonds between carbon atoms	42
412843555	unsaturated fatty acid	one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon	43
412843556	cis	nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are __________ double bonds	44
412843557	saturated fat	lard, butter	45
412843559	unsaturated fat	olive oil	46
412843570	saturated fat	cause of cardiovascular disease known as atherosclerosis	47
412843572	energy storage	major function of fats	48
412843573	1g of fat	stores twice as much energy as a gram of a polysaccharide such as starch	49
412843574	phospholipid	hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails	50
412843577	phospholipid	two fatty acids attached to glycerol	51
412843578	bilayers	tails of phospholipids facing each other	52
412843579	steroid	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	53
412845297	type of steroid	cholesterol	54
412845298	protein	account for 50% of the dry mass of most cells	55
412845299	speed up chemical reactions, defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement or structure support	roles of a protein	56
412845300	regulate metabolism	enzymatic proteins	57
412845301	catalyst	chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions WITHOUT being consumed by the reaction	58
412845302	protein	constructed from a set of 20 types of amino acids	59
412845303	polypeptide	bond of a polymer of amino acids	60
412845305	peptide bond	link between amino acids	61
412845306	protein	made up of one or more polypeptides	62
412845307	amino acid	organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group	63
412845308	R group	side chain within each amino acid	64
412845309	globular proteins	spherical proteins	65
412845311	fibrous proteins	proteins shaped like long fibers	66
412845317	primary, secondary, tertiary	levels of protein structure	67
412845318	primary structure	linear chain of amino acids	68
412845320	secondary structure	regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone	69
412845321	alpha helix	coiled secondary structure of a protein	70
412845322	beta pleated sheets	make up the core of globular proteins	71
412845324	beta pleated sheets	flat secondary structure of a protein	72
412845328	tertiary structure	overall shape of a polypeptide	73
412845329	hydrogen bond	hydroxyl group (-OH) loses a hydrogen, carboxyl group (C=O) loses an oxygen	74
412845331	sulfhydryl groups (-SH) brought close together by the folding of the protein	disulfide bridge	75
412845333		hydrophobic interaction	76
412845334		ionic bond	77
412845336	quaternary structure	protein consisting of two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule	78
412845337	sickle-cell disease	caused by the substitution of one amino acid within the primary structure of hemoglobin	79
412845338	denaturation	protein unravels and loses with native shape	80
412845339	denaturation	weak chemical bonds and interaction within a protein may be destroyed	81
412845342	chaperonins	chaperon proteins	82
412845343	chaperonins	protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins	83
412845344	chaperonins	keep a polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions	84
412845347	hydrophilic	chaperonins have a ___________ environment that aids the folding process	85
412845348	cystic fibrosis, alzheimer's, parkinson's and mad cow disease	associated with misfolded proteins	86
412845349	x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, bioinformatics	approaches to understanding protein structure and function	87
412845350	gene	consist of DNA	88
412845351	gene	programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide	89
412845352	nucleic acids	polymers made of monomers	90
412845355	DNA, RNA	two types of nucleic acids	91
412845356	DNA	provides directions for its own replication	92
412845357	DNA	directs RNA synthesis	93
412845358	gene expression	DNA > RNA > amino acids > proteins	94
412845360	ribosomes	cellular structure for protein synthesis	95
412845364	nucleus	location of DNA	96
412845383	polynucleotides	nucleic acids that exist as polymers	97
412845385	nucleotide	polynucleotide monomer	98
412845386	cytosine	pyrimidine	99
412845387	thymine	pyrimidine	100
412845389	uracil	pyrimidine	101
412845846	adenine	purine	102
412845849	guanine	purine	103
412845850	deoxyribose	sugar in DNA	104
412845852	ribose	sugar in RNA	105
412845853	nucleoside	portion of a nucleotide without phosphate groups	106
412845854	pyrimidine	single ring base w/in DNA	107
412846038	purine	double ring base w/in DNA	108
412846039	double helix	polynucleotides that wind around an imaginary axis within DNA	109
412846040	antiparallel	opposite 5' - 3' directions sugar phosphate backbones run	110
412846041	pairs with adenine	pairs with thymine	111
412846042	pairs with cytosine	pairs with guanine	112
412846044	tRNA	brings amino acids to the ribosome during synthesis of a polypeptide	113
412846049	DNA	bearer of genetic information	114
673650633	ester	compound most often formed by the condensation of an alcohol and an acid, by removing water. It contains the functional group carbon-oxygen double bond joined via carbon to another oxygen atom	115
673650635	hydrogenation	The chemical reaction of hydrogen with another substance, especially with an unsaturated organic compound, and usually under the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts	116
673650638	enzyme	a globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction	117
1313872306	nucleotide	consists of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups	118
587762282	ATP	consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups.	119
510230310	proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids	The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are	120
970584626	glycosidic linkage	join simple sugars to form polysaccharides	121