Chapter 5: Developing Through the Lifespan Flashcards

243909667	Developmental Psychology	the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children	0
243909668	Zygote	diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg	1
243909669	Embryo	an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life	2
243909670	Fetus	an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal	3
243909671	Tetratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the emryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
243909672	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions	5
243909673	Habituation	being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs)	6
243909674	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
243909675	Cognition	the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning	8
243909676	Schema	an internal representation of the world	9
243909677	Assimilation	the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure	10
243909678	Accomodation	adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information	11
243909679	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	12
243909680	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	13
243909681	Peroperational Stage	in piagets theory the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic	14
243909682	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	15
243909683	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view	16
243909684	`Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict	17
243909685	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events	18
243909686	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	19
243909687	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind	20
243909688	Stranger Anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.	21
243909689	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation	22
243909690	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	23
243909691	Imprinting	a learning process in early life whereby species' specific patterns of behavior are established	24
243909692	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	25
243909693	Self-Concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	26
243909694	Adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence	27
243909695	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing	28
243909696	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible	29
243909697	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair	30
243909698	Menarche	the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman	31
243909699	Identity	one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles	32
243909700	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships	33
243909701	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood	34
243909702	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood	35
243909703	Menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines	36
243909704	Cross-Sectional Study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another	37
243909705	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	38
243909706	Crystallized Intelligence	one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	39
243909707	Fluid Intelligence	one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	40
243909708	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	41