DNA Structure and Function (Chps. 12 and 13) Flashcards

2115783244	transformation	modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of genetic material (DNA). Can change harmless bacteria into disease - causing form.	0
2115816316	bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria	1
2116043467	Deoxyribonucleic acid	DNA. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	2
2115820257	base pairing	Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.	3
2115828743	nucleotide	The building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	4
2115831225	Deoxyribose	A five-carbon sugar found in DNA.	5
2115834511	phosphate group	A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. major component of nucleotides.	6
2115837269	nitrogen base	The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder and store genetic information.	7
2115838218	Charghaff's rule	The rule that Adenine bonds to Thymine and Cytosine bonds to Guanine in DNA	8
2115871548	hydrogen bonds	Very weak bond created by the attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule. Hold the 2 strands of	9
2115884552	Double Helix	A shape like a coiled spring, used to describe the structue of DNA molecules.	10
2115890179	antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	11
2115971621	complimentary (DNA)	The concept that the 2 strands of a DNA molecule are opposite in terms of Base pairing A-T and C-G.	12
2115996840	Replication	Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA	13
2115998832	Helicase	An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.	14
2116001252	DNA polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of free nucleotides to the existing chain.	15
2116017536	Replication Fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.	16
2116005094	5' to 3'	The Direction that DNA or RNA always forms new polymers	17
2116033227	leading strand	Strand of a DNA molecule during DNA replication; replication is continuous without Okazaki fragments.	18
2116034829	Lagging Strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork. produces Okazaki fragments	19
2116039270	Okazaki fragments	Short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication.	20
2116023137	telomeres	DNA at the tips of chromosomes. particularly difficult to replicate.	21
2116026569	Telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic reproductive cells. this enzyme is turned off in adult cells.	22
2116043468	Ribonucleic Acid	(RNA) single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose. There are 3 main types.	23
2116202551	Ribose	A five-carbon sugar present in RNA.	24
2116203455	Uracil	A nitrogen base found only in RNA. Takes the place of Thymine (T) and Bonds to Adenine (A).	25
2116057030	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	A single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein (translation).	26
2116060433	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	important component of ribosomes. involved in the process of translation.	27
2116067517	transfer RNA (tRNA)	form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.	28
2116068993	transcription	The process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA	29
2116073186	RNA polymerase	An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.	30
2116086474	promoter	DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription.	31
2116087529	introns	A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.	32
2116088427	exons	A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.	33
2116091761	genetic code	Set of rules that determine how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein.	34
2116094276	codon	A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid; the basic unit of the genetic code.	35
2116110700	Start codon	AUG; the codon that begins all RNA molecules. Codes for Methionine.	36
2116115259	stop codon	Codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation	37
2116117654	translation	The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm.	38
2116104289	polypeptide	chain of many amino acids linked together. Helps form proteins.	39
2116103195	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	40
2116122329	anticodon	group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.	41
2116126954	central dogma	DNA -> RNA -> Protein.	42
2116133028	gene expression	The process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function. Genes are transcribed into mRNA which are translated into proteins, and those proteins carry out a function with in the cell	43
2116144148	mutation	heritable changes in genetic information (DNA).	44
2116152579	gene mutation	A change in the sequence of the bases in a gene, which changes the structure of the polypeptide that the gene codes for.	45
2116154866	Chromosomal mutation	A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations.	46
2116159407	point mutation	A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair.	47
2116160507	deletion	Change to a gene or chromosome in which a fragment is removed.	48
2116164132	duplication	When a portion of a gene or chromosome is repeated.	49
2116168618	inversion	A kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed.	50
2116173065	polyploidy	Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes	51