APWH: The Earth and Its Peoples // Chapter 8 Flashcards

2973136079	Caliphate	religious government ruled by a Caliph	0
2973136080	Caliph	pope/king of a Caliphate	1
2973136081	Fihrist	catalog of Islamic Caliphates	2
2973136082	Mecca	caravan city	3
2973136083	Muhammad	an Arab prophet that founded Islam. he grew up as an orphan then had many daughters. known as the "Messenger of God"	4
2973136084	Muslim	"submission" in Arabic. a person who submits to God.	5
2973136085	Hijra	Muhammad and his follower's journey from Mecca to Medina to flee persecution. lead to the formation of the Umma	6
2973136086	Umma	community made by Meccan immigrants and major groups in Medina that accepted Islam and Muhammad as the Messenger of God	7
2973136087	The Quran	book of divine revelations of Muhammad made by the people	8
2973136088	Shi'ites	Muslims that believed Ali (his cousin and son-in-law) should have ruled. is now the state religion of Iran and Iraq	9
2973136089	Ummayad Caliphate	first hereditary dynasty of Muslim Caliphs. capital in Damascus	10
2973136090	Sunnis	Muslims that supported the first 3 Caliphs	11
2973136091	Karijite Sects	people who initially supported Ali but rebelled against him in the end	12
2973136092	how did Islam spread?	through trade and conversion / force	13
2973136093	how were the conquered lands controlled?	Umar set up military camps and left the people's land alone	14
2973136094	Abbasid Caliphate	took over Ummayad Caliphate. reinterpreted the Quran. capital in Bagdhad	15
2973136095	Mamluks	army of Turkish slaves that eventually defeated the Mongols and seized control of Egypt and Syria	16
2973136096	The Shi'ite Buyids	controlled the Sunni Caliph. conquered Iran and Iraq	17
2973136097	Ghana	sub-Saharan kingdom that benefitted from trade	18
2973136098	Fatamid Caliphate	pretended to be Shi'ite Imams (prayer leaders) descended from Ali	19
2973136099	Islamic Spain	ended in mixed cultures (Roman, German, Jewish, etc.) most adopted Islam. there were many technological advancements	20
2973136100	why did Spain splinter?	they adopted Caliphate system but it didn't work out	21
2973136101	Ulams	Muslim religious scholars	22
2973136102	Crusaders	Christians that took Jerusalem and fought the Muslims by making friends with their enemies	23
2973136103	Hadith	a tradition relating the words and deeds of Muhammad. was like the bible. people had a hard time discerning the truthful books from the made-up/twisted ones	24
2973136104	Shari'a	books that became the foundation of Islamic civilization	25
2973136105	what happened when Islam was increasing?	slowed down Christianity	26
2973136106	was there a central religious authority?	no, which kept flexibility	27
2973136107	what came with the growth of trade?	science discoveries	28
2973136108	roles of women in Islamic culture?	rural women were more free and urban women were concealed. women overall had more rights than normal	29
2973136109	Aisha	Muhammad's wife that was like Mary in the bible. Aisha's name was tarnished because she had power	30