APWH: The Earth and its Peoples // Chapter 9 Flashcards
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| 3023221847 | Charlemagne | king of the Franks who united most of Western Europe | 0 | |
| 3023221848 | Byzantine Empire | the Eastern Roman empire after the fall of the Western Empire. capital : Constantinople official religion : Christianity | 1 | |
| 3023221849 | manor | a self sufficient land owned by a Lord aka manorial system. part of feudalism | 2 | |
| 3023221850 | Kievan Russia | medieval Slavic state. weakened by internal disputes and fell to Mongols in 1240 | 3 | |
| 3023221851 | serfs | agriculture laborers within the manorial system. bound to the Lord's property | 4 | |
| 3023221852 | vassals | members of military elite who received land from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 5 | |
| 3023221853 | fief | estate of land granted in return for military service. those who got fiefs were vassals | 6 | |
| 3023221854 | papacy | office/authority of the pope | 7 | |
| 3023221855 | Holy Roman Empire | loose federation of mostly German states and principalities. headed by an emperor elected by princes | 8 | |
| 3023221856 | investiture controversy | dispute between popes of HRE over who held the ultimate authority over bishops of lands | 9 | |
| 3023221857 | monasticism | living in a religious community apart from secular society. prominent in medieval Christianity and Buddhism. monasteries were primary centers | 10 | |
| 3023221858 | horse collar | harnessing method that increased control on horses | 11 | |
| 3023221859 | Crusades | armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule | 12 |