Psychology themes and variations chapter 7 key terms Flashcards

1071407217	Anterograde amnesia	A loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury	0
1071407218	Attention	Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.	1
1071407219	Chunk	Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units	2
1071407220	Clustering	A technique to enhance memory by organizing items into conceptually-related categories	3
1071407221	Conceptual hierarchy	a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items	4
1071407222	Connectionist models	assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks; assert that specific memories correspond to particular patterns of activation in these networks	5
1071407223	Consolidation	A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.	6
1071407224	Decay theory	proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time	7
1071407225	Declarative memory system	handles factual information includes episodic memory and semantic memory controlled by the hippocampus	8
1071407226	Dual-coding theory	Paivio's theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.	9
1071407227	Elaboration	Connecting new material to information or ideas already in the learner's mind.	10
1071407228	Encoding	First stage of the memory process; in it information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored	11
1071407229	Encoding specificity principle	Principle stating that recall is better if the retrieval context is like the encoding context.	12
1071407230	Episodic memory system	made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences	13
1071407231	Explicit memory	Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory system)	14
1071407232	Flashbulb memories	Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events	15
1071407233	Forgetting curve	A graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables. The typical forgetting curve is steep at first, becoming flatter as time goes on (Ebbinghaus)	16
1071407234	Hindsight bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	17
1071407235	Implicit memory	Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously two types: procedural and dispositional controlled in the cerebellum	18
1071407236	Interference theory	Belief that forgetting occurs because other items get in the way of the information a person wants to remember.	19
1071407237	Keyword method	A memory strategy in which the learner identifies an English word (the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word; then an image is created that links the keyword with the meaning of the new word.	20
1071407238	Levels-of-processing theory	The explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory (more "deeply" processed) will be remembered better.	21
1071407239	Link method	forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together	22
1071407240	Long term memory (LTM)	Relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory.	23
1071407241	Long term potentiation	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory	24
1071407242	Method of loci	A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations	25
1071407243	Mnemonic devices	techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information	26
1071407244	Nondeclarative memory system	A subsystem within Long term memory which consists of skills we acquire through repetition and practice (e.g., dance, playing the piano, driving a car) ie implicit memory system	27
1071407245	Overlearning	Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it.	28
1071407246	Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models	An approach to understanding object recognition in which various elements of the object are thought to be simultaneously analyzed by a number of widely distributed, but connected, neural units in the brain.	29
1071407247	Proactive interference	The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information	30
1071407248	Procedural memory system	The repository of memories for actions, skills, and operations (implicit/nondeclarative memory system)	31
1071407249	Prospective memory	Remembering to do things in the future	32
1071407250	Reality monitoring	The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (our perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (our thoughts and imaginations).	33
1071407251	Recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	34
1071407252	Recognition	A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test	35
1071407253	Rehearsal	The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage	36
1071407254	Relearning	A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time	37
1071407255	Repression	Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious.	38
1071407256	Retention	Ability to recall or recognize things learned or experienced.	39
1071407257	Retrieval	the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory	40
1071407258	Retroactive interference	The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	41
1071407259	Retrograde amnesia	Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him.	42
1071407260	Retrospective memory	Involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information	43
1071407261	Schema	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.	44
1071407262	Self-referent encoding	deciding how or whether information is personally relevant	45
1071407263	Semantic memory system	contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned	46
1071407264	Semantic memory	A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.	47
1071407265	Semantic network	Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts	48
1071407266	Serial-position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list	49
1071407267	Sensory memory	A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.	50
1071407268	Short term memory (STM)	The memory system that codes information according to sound and holds about seven (from five to nine) itesm for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory	51
1071407269	Source monitoring	involves making attributions about the origins of memories	52
1071407270	Source-monitoring error	occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source	53
1071407271	Storage	Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.	54
1071407272	Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon	knowing something, but not being able to retrieve it or verbalize it, because it wasn't stored properly	55
1071407273	Transfer-appropriate processing	the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match	56
1071407274	Richard Atkinson and Richard shiffrin	developed the 3-stage processing model of memory, suggesting that we form memories through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory	57
1071407275	Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart	learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level, the deeper the easier to learn and recall	58
1071407276	Hermann Ebbinghaus	1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words	59
1071407277	Marcia Johnson	created the source-monitoring theory	60
1071407278	Elizabeth loftus	"misinformation effect" shown in memory studies	61
1071407279	George Miller	Former president of the American Psychological Association, proposed that we can only hold 7(+/-) 2 items in Short Term Memory @ any one time.	62
1071407280	Brenda Milner	patient "HM" lesion of hippocampus, remembered things before surgery, STM intact, but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)	63
1071407281	Endel Tulving	suggested 2 kinds of long-term memory: episodic and semantic	64