Chapter 17 AP Bio Mid-Terms Flashcards
Key terms and Definitions directly from AP 7th Edition of Biology
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| 581668689 | Transcription | the first stage of gene expression; the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA | 0 | |
| 581668690 | Translation | is the synthesis of polypeptide → occurs under mRNA | 1 | |
| 581668691 | Ribosome | a part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis | 2 | |
| 581668692 | RNA processing | during this process, both ends of the primary transcript are usually altered | 3 | |
| 581668693 | Primary Transcript | the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those coding for RNA that are not translated into protein | 4 | |
| 581668694 | Triplet Code | a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words (i.e. AGT); smallest units of that can code for all amino acids | 5 | |
| 581668695 | Template Strand | A DNA strand that provides a template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript | 6 | |
| 581668696 | Codons | mRNA base triplets; during translation they are read in the 5' to 3' direction | 7 | |
| 581668697 | RNA Polymerase | an enzyme that pries two strands of DNA apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template. | 8 | |
| 581668698 | Promoter | the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches | 9 | |
| 581668699 | Terminator | the sequence signaling the end of transcription | 10 | |
| 581668700 | Transcripton Unit | the stretch of DNA that is transcribed | 11 | |
| 585107190 | Transcription Factors | proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription | 12 | |
| 585107191 | Transcription Initiation Complex | The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter | 13 | |
| 585107192 | TATA box | A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming transcription initiation complex | 14 | |
| 585107193 | Poly-A-tail | During RNA processing adenine is added to the end of the mRNA molecule | 15 | |
| 585107194 | 5' cap | During RNA processing, mRNA gets a modified nucleotide cap on the 5'end | 16 | |
| 585107195 | RNA splicing | Removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence | 17 | |
| 585107196 | Introns | Noncoding segments of a nucleic acid that lie between coding regions | 18 | |
| 585107197 | Exons | Noncoding segments that are eventually expressed and are usuall translated into amino acids | 19 | |
| 585107198 | Spliceosome | Consists of a variety of proteins and several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that recognize the splice sites | 20 | |
| 585107199 | Alternative RNA Splicing | Variation where some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide | 21 | |
| 585107200 | Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to ribosomes | 22 | |
| 585107201 | Anticodon | A specialized nucleotide base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule | 23 | |
| 585107202 | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | the most abundant type of RNA, which together with protein forms the structure of ribosomes | 24 | |
| 585107203 | P site | Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain | 25 | |
| 585107204 | A site | Holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain | 26 | |
| 585107205 | E site | The exit where the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome | 27 | |
| 585107206 | Polyribosome | Enables a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly | 28 | |
| 585107207 | Point mutation | Chemical changes in just one base pair of a geneq | 29 | |
| 585107208 | base-pair substitution | replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides | 30 | |
| 585107209 | missense mutations | still code for an amino acid but not necessarily the right amino acid | 31 |