AP Biology chapter 11 Flashcards

2018466809	what arises skin tone variation in humans	melanosomes	0
2018466810	organisms in skin cells that makes red and brownish-black pigments, called melanins	melanosomes	1
2018466811	dark skin has been adaptive from	the intense suns of the African savannas where humans first evolved	2
2020548318	Gene mutation for skin color	SLC 24 A5 or DCT	3
2020548319	Why was blending inheritance a fail?	because a child doesn't always receive the exact physical traits that there parents have	4
2020548320	Unit for dividing heriditary material	genes	5
2020548321	Austrian monk who breeded pea plants	Gregor Mendel	6
2020548322	All offspring have the same form of the trait as the parents through generations	Breeding true	7
2020548323	Structure in which the sperm develop located in the anthers of plants	pollen grains	8
2020548324	Each gene occurs at a specific location ---- on a specific chromosome	locus ( loci)	9
2020548325	Permenant change in a gene it may cause h rate to change	mutation	10
2020548326	The offspring of a cross or mating of 2 individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait. Has non identical alleles for the trait.	hybrid	11
2020548327	an individual with non identical alleles of a gene	heterozygous	12
2020548328	an individual with identical alleles of a gene	homozygous	13
2020548329	An allele is --- if its effect masked the effect of a --- allele paired with it	dominant, recessive	14
2020548330	represents dominant allele	Capital letters	15
2020548331	Represents recessive alleles	lower case letters	16
2020548332	Has a pair of dominant alleles (AA)	homozygous dominant	17
2020548333	Individual has a pari fo recessive alleles(aa)	homozygous recessive	18
2020548334	Has a pair of non identical alleles (Aa) (Hybrid)	Heterzygous	19
2020548335	Process by which information in a gene is converted to a structural or functional part of a cell or body - determine traits	gene expression	20
2020548336	Refers to the particular alleles of an individual carries	genotype	21
2020548337	Refers to an indiviuals traits	phenotype	22
2020548338	F is an abbreviation for	Filial (offspring)	23
2020548339	Stands for first generation offspring of parents	F1	24
2020548340	Stands foe second generation offspring	F2	25
2020548341	Method of determining a genotype. Individual of unknown genotype is crossed with one that is known to be homozygous recessive	Testcross	26
2020548342	Test crosses that check for a dominance relationship between 2 allele at a single locus	mono hybrid experiment	27
2020548343	Typical mono hybrid experiment	Aa X Aa	28
2020548344	Measure of the chance that a particular outcome will occur	probability	29
2020548345	Grids used to calculate the probability of genotypes/phenotypes that will occur in offspring	Punnett squared	30
2020548346	Diploid cells have pairs of genes on pairs of homologous chromosomes. The 2 genes of each pair are separated from each other during meiosis so they end up in different gametes.	Mendel's law of segregation	31
2020548347	Test for dominant relationships between alleles at 2 loci. Individuals with different alleles are crossed or self fertilized	di-hybrid experiments	32
2020548348	If 2 di-hybrids are crossed their alleles can combine in ---- possible ways at fertilization	16 (4 types of gametes in one individual X 4 types of gametes in the other)	33
2020548349	Genes are sorted into gametes independently of other genes	Mendel's law of independent assortment	34
2020548350	A possible exception to Mendel's law of indepent assortment	genes that are relatively close together on the same chromosome tend to stay together during meiosis	35
2020548351	2 non identical alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygous - neither dominant or recessivre	codominance	36
2020548352	3 or more alleles of a gene persist among individuals of a population	multiple allele systems	37
2020548353	Blood type alleles	type A and type B are codominant Type O is recessive	38
2020548354	One allele of a pair is not fully dominant over its partner so the heterozygoous phenotype is somewhere between the 2 homozygous	incomplete dominance	39
2020548355	Example of incomplete dominance is a snapdragon. explain	if one red and one white are breeded together, the offspring in F1 will be pink but the offspring in F2 will be 2 pink, 1 red, 1 white	40
2020548356	some traits are effected by interactions among gene products an effect called	Epistasis	41
2020548357	Epistasis causes gene variation in chickens	Combs	42
2020548358	another example of epistasis is labridor retrievers	coat color - black, yellow or brown	43
2020548359	A dogs coat color depends on	how products of alleles at more then 1 locus make a dark pigment, melanin, and deposit it in tissues	44
2020548360	Alleles for dog	B(black) is dominant to b(brown) A dog with two E alleles has yellow fur regardless of which allele it is paired with	45
2020548361	Are we having fun yet?	Absolutely	46
2020548362	one gene may influence multiple traits an effect called	Pleiotropy	47
2020548363	common example of pleiotropy	gene encoding products used throughout the body, long fibers or filbrillian elasticity to the tissues of the heart, skin,blood vesels, tendons	48
2020548364	cause genetic disorder marfan syndrome in which tissues form with defective fibrilillin or none at all. Aorta is largely effected.	mutations in the fibrilillin gene	49
2020548365	The probablity that a crossover event will separate alleles of 2 genes is proportional to---	the distance between those genes	50
2020548366	all genes of one chromosome are called ---	linkage group	51
2020548367	enzyme that effects the coat color in himalyan rabbits	Tyrosinase	52
2020548368	the indivuals of a species typically vary in many of their shared traits. Some of these traits appear in 2 or 3 forms; others occur in a range of small differences called---	continuos variation	53
2020548369	outcome of polygenic inheritance in which multiple genes effects a single trait	Continuos variation	54
2020548370	An example of continuos variation	eye color	55
2020548371	a bell shaped curve on a bar graph shows continuous variation	bell curve	56