Campbell-Biology-Concepts-&-Connections-8th-Edition-Chapter-6-Turk Flashcards

3125668675	cellular respiration	The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis).	0
3125682009	kilocalories	A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a "Calorie".	1
3125702501	redox reaction	Short for reduction-oxidation reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction).	2
3125702732	oxidation	The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.	3
3125702733	reduction	The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.	4
3125706035	NAD+	A coenzyme that can accept electrons during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism.	5
3125709560	electron transport chain	A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria.	6
3125709561	glycolysis	A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytosol.	7
3125709894	citric acid cycle	The chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide.	8
3125710534	oxidative phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.	9
3125711386	chemiosmosis	An energy-coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells.	10
3125760832	substrate-level phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle).	11
3125776294	intermediate	One of the compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis.	12
3125776624	acetyl CoA	The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.	13
3125829945	ATP synthase	A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP.	14
3142524056	lactic acid fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+.	15
3142524057	alcohol fermentation	Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.	16