Campbell-Biology-Concepts-&-Connections-8th-Edition-Chapter-5-Turk Flashcards

3014681113	fluid mosaic model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, depicting the membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules.	0
3014697254	selective permeability	A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks the passage of other substances altogether.	1
3014708240	diffusion	The random movement of particles that results in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.	2
3014708241	concentration gradient	A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. Substances tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.	3
3014711534	passive transport	The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure of energy.	4
3014713897	osmosis	The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.	5
3014713898	tonicity	The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.	6
3014716345	isotonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell.	7
3014716346	hypotonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.	8
3014718957	hypertonic	Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water.	9
3014718958	osmoregulation	The homeostatic maintenance of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism.	10
3014770168	facilitated diffusion	The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient.	11
3014774521	aquaporin	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of an animal, plant, or microorganism cell that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis).	12
3014776057	active transport	The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy (often as ATP).	13
3014776058	exocytosis	The movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.	14
3014778736	endocytosis	Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.	15
3014780407	phagocytosis	Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.	16
3014783158	receptor-mediated endocytosis	The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the infolding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.	17
3015056464	energy	The capacity to cause change, especially to perform work.	18
3015056516	kinetic energy	The energy associated with the motion of objects. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.	19
3015061936	thermal energy	Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form.	20
3015064122	heat	Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.	21
3015066804	potential energy	The energy that matter possesses because of its location or spatial arrangement. Water behind a dam possesses it and so does chemical bonds.	22
3015072505	chemical energy	Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy.	23
3015074195	thermodynamics	The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.	24
3015080687	first law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	25
3015087451	entropy	A measure of disorder, or randomness.	26
3015090935	second law of thermodynamics	The principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.	27
3015121093	cellular respiration	The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules, the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work.	28
3015406485	exergonic reaction	An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products.	29
3015419982	endergonic reaction	An energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants.	30
3015428703	metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions.	31
3015446129	metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.	32
3015454853	energy coupling	In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.	33
3015859869	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy source for cells. Releases energy when its phosphate bounds are hydrolyzed.	34
3015871937	phosphorylation	The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by this transfer.	35