Campbell Biology 10th Edition Chapters 8 & 9

Campbell Biology 10th Edition Chapters 8 & 9 - Exam IIB Flashcards

2720522465	C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30->32 ATP	The equation for cellular respiration	0
2720522466	C6H12O6	The molecular formula for glucose as it appears in the equation for CR	1
2720522467	6O2	The molecular formula for oxygen as it appears in the equation for CR	2
2720522468	6CO2	The molecular formula for carbon dioxide as it appears in the equation for CR	3
2720522469	6H2O	The molecular formula for water as it appears in the equation for CR	4
2720522470	Cytosol	Glycolysis occurs in the _______.	5
2720522471	Anaerobic	Glycolysis is an (anaerobic/aerobic) reaction.	6
2720522472	Pyruvate	In glycolysis, glucose splits in half to form two molecules of ________.	7
2720522473	Acetyl CoA	In the second stage of CR, which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidized, losing an electron and converted to ______ ___.	8
2720522474	Mitochondrial matrix	The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the _____________ _______.	9
2720522475	Substrate level phosphorylation	The enzymatic addition of a phosphate to ADP to make ATP, which occurs during CR stages 1 and 3, is called _________ _____ _______________.	10
2720522476	Oxidative phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an Electron Transport Chain is called __________ _______________.	11
2720522477	Oxidation	The loss of an electron is called _________.	12
2720522478	Reduction	The gain of an electron is called _________.	13
2720522479	Redox reactions	The gain and loss of electrons in a series of reactions is called _____ _________.	14
2720522480	Exergonic	The flow of energy in the ETC is (exergonic/endergonic)?	15
2720522481	Oxidation	Decarboxylation is a form of _________.	16
2720522482	NADH	NAD+ is a stored coenzyme. Hydrogen from glucose bonds with it to form ____ in oxidation.	17
2720522483	Oxidized	In CR, C6H12O6 is ________ to form 6CO2.	18
2720522484	Reduced	In CR, 6O2 is _______ to form 6H2O.	19
2720522485	Electron carriers	NAD+ and FAD are ________ ________ which pick up hydrogens and transport them to the ETC.	20
2720522486	2	The net gain of ATP in Glycolysis is _.	21
2720522487	0	The net gain of ATP in Oxidation of Pyruvate is _.	22
2720522488	2	The net gain of ATP in the Citric Acid Cycle is _.	23
2720522489	26-28	The net gain of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain is __.	24
2720522490	Glucose	The initial substrate in glycolysis, which will be catabolized in a series of reactions in the pathway, is _______.	25
2720522491	ATP	___ stored in cells is used to initiate glycolysis.	26
2720522492	Hydrolysis and phosphorylation	Glycolysis - and all of CR - begins with ATP ___________ ___ _______________.	27
2720522493	Phosphate	When ATP is hydrolyzed, glucose receives a _________ from stored ADP to form Glucose 6 - Phosphate.	28
2720522494	Carbon 6	Phosphorylation takes place on ______ _.	29
2720522495	Kinases	_______ are the enzymes that function in phosphorylation	30
2720522496	Dehydrogenases	_____________ are the enzymes that remove hydrogen during CR.	31
2720522497	NAD+	In steps 5 and 6 of glycolysis, glucose intermediates are oxidized and stored and ____ is reduced to NADH by accepting an electron.	32
2720522498	NADH, Pyruvate, and 2 ATP	The three main products of glycolysis are: ____, ________, and _ ___.	33
2720522499	Acetyl CoA	Oxidation of pyruvate is primarily concerned with making ______ ___.	34
2720522500	Transport proteins	In the second stage of CR, O2 activates _________ ________ in the mitochondrial membrane to bring pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix.	35
2720522501	Decarboxylation	In stage 2, pyruvate goes through _______________ with the removal of ---COOH.	36
2720522502	CO2	During the decarboxylation of pyruvate, ---COO is given off as ___.	37
2720522503	NADH	During the decarboxylation of pyruvate, the e- from H bonds with stored NAD+ to form ____.	38
2720522504	Acetyl CoA	Post-decarboxylation and reduction of NAD+ to NADH, the 2-Carbon fragments remaining bind with coenzyme A (a molecule in the mitochondria) to form ______ ___.	39
2720522505	CO2, NADH, and Acetyl CoA	The main products of stage two are ___, ____, and ______ ___.	40
2720522506	Citrate	The citric acid cycle (CAC) begins when acetate, a 2 carbon compound from acetyl CoA, combines with oxaloacetate, a 4 carbon compound from the cyclic series of the reaction, to form _______.	41
2720522507	CO2	Cycles 2 through 4 are when ___ is released through decarboxylation.	42
2720522508	Succinyl CoA	In the CAC, phosphate from ________ ___ goes through a series of reactions before binding with stored ADP to make ATP in substrate level phosphorylation.	43
2720522509	Succinyl CoA	The substrate in substrate level phosphorylation that occurs in the CAC is ________ ___.	44
2720522510	CO2, NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP.	The 4 main products of the CAC are ___, ____, _____, and _ ___.	45
2720522511	Transport protein	In the CR, ATP synthase acts as both an enzyme and a _________ _______.	46
2720522512	ATP	As an enzyme, ATP synthases catalyzes the production of ___.	47
2720522513	H+ ions	As a transport protein, ATP synthase moves __ ____ from the inter-membrane space into the mitochondrial matrix.	48
2720522514	Oxidative phosphorylation	In the ETC, ATP is produced by _________ _______________.	49
2720522515	Chemiosmosis	A term used to depict an energy coupling process	50
2720522516	Proton pumps	The energy from the exergonic flow of electrons down the ETC (redox reactions) is used to move H+ ions against their concentration gradient from the matrix to the intermembrane space via the activation of ______ _____.	51
2720522517	NADH and FADH2	The input substrates of the ETC are ____ and _____.	52
2720522518	Oxidized	In the ETC, NADH and FADH2 are ________ and release H that dissociates into H+ and e- in the matrix.	53
2720522519	Increases	Electronegativity _________ as the e- from dissociated NADH and FADH2 move down the ETC.	54
2720522520	Released	As e- move down the ETC, energy is ________.	55
2720522521	H+ ions	A protein complex (proton pump) absorbs energy from the flow of e- down the ETC to push __ ____ from the matrix to the intermembrane space against the concentration gradient.	56
2720522522	Potential energy	A collection of H+ ions in the intermembrane space creates a H+ ion gradient. This electrochemical gradient stores a lot of _________ ______.	57
2720522523	ATP synthase	H+ ions move down their concentration gradient from intermembrane space to matrix via ___ ________ as a transport protein.	58
2720522524	ADP and Pi	Released energy is absorbed by ATP synthase which stimulates the active site of the enzyme for binding of stored ___ and __ to produce ATP.	59
2720522525	Enzymatic membrane protein	The role of ATP in the final part of the ETC is as an _________ ________ _______.	60
2720522526	Exergonic	Catabolism (such as cellular respiration) is an _________ reaction (refers to whether energy is released or absorbed/required).	61
2720522527	Endergonic	Anabolism (such as photosynthesis) is an __________ reaction (refers to whether energy is released or absorbed/required).	62
2720522528	- Delta G	In an exergonic reaction, such as cellular respiration, there is what kind of net change in energy?	63
2720522529	+ Delta G	In an endergonic reaction, such as photosynthesis, there is what kind of net change in energy?	64
2720522530	Hydrolysis	When a water molecule is used to break apart chemical bonds (catabolism).	65
2720522531	Dehydration synthesis	When a chemical bond is formed between a monomer and another monomer, creating water (anabolism).	66
2720522532	Metabolic pathway	The sequence of conversions in the metabolic process	67
2720522533	Low quality	Energy naturally flows from high quality to ___ _______.	68
2720522534	Increases	As energy decreases, entropy _________.	69
2720522535	Random	Heat is energy in its most ______ form.	70
2720522536	Isothermic	To use heat as energy you must be able to transfer it to another (cooler) object (think of dropping cold eggs into boiling water; the water stops boiling for a moment while it transfers heat to the eggs). Cells cannot use this type of transferred heat because they are __________.	71
2720522537	Free energy	The fourth type of energy, what is available for cellular work heat has been factored out from the system's total energy, is ____ ______.	72
2720522538	Hydrolysis	ATP works in cellular respiration through two processes. The first, in which ATP is catabolized into ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate), is __________.	73
2720522539	Phosphorylation	ATP works in cellular respiration through two processes. The second, in which a phosphate is added to stored ADP, is called _______________.	74
2720522540	Enzyme Substrate Complex	When an enzyme and substrate come together at the active site, that is called the ______ _________ _______.	75
2720522541	Induced fit model	The _______ ___ _____ for creating the enzyme substrate complex is different from the lock and key model in that it means the enzyme itself conforms slightly to fit the substrate.	76
2720522542	Competitive inhibitor	A ___________ _________ resembles the normal substrate in structure and reduces the productivity of enzymes by competing for the active site.	77
2720522543	Non-competitive inhibitor	A _______________ _________ does not directly compete with substrates but binds to an allosteric site, distorting the shape of an enzyme and thereby affecting its function.	78
2720522544	Allosteric	In the negative feedback mechanism of enzyme activity, a product binds to an __________ site in the first enzyme of a biological pathway.	79
2720522545	Co-factor	Inorganic, non-protein helper molecule that activates binding mechanism and is required for the protein's activity. It assists in biochemical reactions and is associated with the active site.	80
2720522546	Co-enzyme	Organic non-protein compounds required by certain enzymes to active the binding mechanism, which binds to the active site and participate in catalysis.	81
2720522547	Denature	Extreme environmental conditions (such as temperature and pH) can ________ enzymes, changing their shape and affecting function.	82