Chapter 12 - Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200 - 1500 Flashcards
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| 2029150711 | 1. What did Mongol nomadic life look like? | The mongols were pastoralists; learned to ride goats before walking public family decision making council with representatives led by a khan slaves and prisoners of war did menial work great tribute systems | 0 | |
| 2029150712 | 2. What was the role of Mongol women in nomadic life? | arranged marriages → political alliances; daughters = pawns of diplomacy wives manages empire interim if husbands died → had political power | 1 | |
| 2029150713 | 3. What was the religion of the Mongols? | multiple religions per family (mostly Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity); belief in shamanism | 2 | |
| 2029150714 | 4. What is the khan and what is their role? | universal ruler who could communicate with supernatural and dominated everyone | 3 | |
| 2029150715 | 1. What did Genghis Khan take over? | Tangut (northwest China), Beijing, most of Iran | 4 | |
| 2029150716 | 2. What did the Great Khan conquer? Batu? | Great Khan (Ogedei) = northern China; threatened southern Song Batu (grandson) = Kievan Russia, Moscow, Hungary, Poland | 5 | |
| 2029150717 | 3. Who was emperor of the Yuan Empire? | Kublai Khan established in 1271 | 6 | |
| 2029150718 | 4. Why wasn't Japan taken over by the Mongols? What happened to Vietnam? | They failed two sea invasions of Japan They took over Vietnam and made it a tribute nation | 7 | |
| 2029150719 | 5. What made them such great warriors? What did they have to militarily help their cause? | good riders, archers, good bows, strategy, lance/javelin/spears/mace, etc., siege, terror, catapults | 8 | |
| 2029150720 | 6. How did trade affect the Mongols? | silk and porcelain = luxury items; elite enjoyed luxury items but spread disease | 9 | |
| 2029150721 | 7. How did the bubonic plague spread? What role did the Mongols have in this spread? | spread through rats and fleas on Mongol supply trains through their exchanges | 10 | |
| 2029150722 | 1. Where was the Il-khan Empire located? | Iran, Mesopotamia, parts of Armenia, Azerbaijan | 11 | |
| 2029150723 | 2. How did Islamic and Mongol culture clash? | Muslims didn't like Mongol slaughtering or worshipping shaman idols | 12 | |
| 2029150724 | 3. Did Mongols convert to Islam? Explain | in the end, the Il-Khan ruler converted to Islam; there were Il-Khan Muslims | 13 | |
| 2029150725 | 4. How did Europeans negotiate the new found rulers in an area very close to them? (compromise? Make friends with them? Etc) | Christians worked with non-Muslim Il-Khans to expel Golden Horde; collaborated | 14 | |
| 2029150726 | 5. Where Mongols Sunni or Shiite? | unclear whether they were sunni or shiite | 15 | |
| 2029150727 | 6. What did Mongols do to get $ from their subjects? | tax farming → failed → paper money → inflation | 16 | |
| 2029150728 | 7. What happened to the production of agriculture under Mongol rule? | decline in agricultural productivity → couldn't support army → tax banks shrank | 17 | |
| 2029150729 | 8. Who was Timur? Where did he conquer? What happened after his death? | Timur (not Mongol) big time ruler of Central Asian Khanate of Jagadai → took Muslim sultanate in northern India and crushed Ottoman empire but descendants couldn't hold it together after he died | 18 | |
| 2029150730 | 9. When did the Il-Khan empire fall? | around 1405 when Timur died | 19 | |
| 2029150731 | 10. What culture "greats" occurred while the Mongols dominated Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia? Intellectual achievements? | historians (rashid al din, juivani), astronomy: observatories, eclipse predictions, astrolabes, math: algebra and trig, Nasir al din Tusi = science, cosmology, calendars, decimal notation : pi | 20 | |
| 2029150732 | 11. What was the contribution of Rashid al Din? Ibn Khaldun? Nasir al-Din Tusi? | first history of the world; history and sociology; wrote on history, religion, math, cosmology, ethics | 21 | |
| 2029150733 | 1. How was Russia broken up into different Mongol empires? | lost unity → broke into several smaller khanates | 22 | |
| 2029150734 | 2. How did the Orthodox Church and Mongols get along? Explain | gave Orthodox church some privileges | 23 | |
| 2029150735 | 3. How did Russia maintain a strong culture under Mongol rule? | language: Old Slavic language revived but Russian language = dominant! | 24 | |
| 2029150736 | 4. What economic crisis occurred in Russia under Mongol rule? | gold and silver flow → depleted economy → paper money → crisis | 25 | |
| 2029150737 | 5. Why did prince Nevskii submit to the Mongols? | so that the Mongols would favor Moscow → became cultural and economic centers | 26 | |
| 2029150738 | 6. How did Russia suffer from the "Mongol Yoke"? | held Russians back, but Russians weren't moving in the first place | 27 | |
| 2029150739 | 7. What problems were occurring in Russia that had nothing to do with the Mongols? | burdensome taxes, struggle for power internally among princes, isolation from western Europe | 28 | |
| 2029150740 | 8. Politically, how was Russia ruled after the Mongols left? | more of an autocracy with the title of tsar | 29 | |
| 2029150741 | 1. What areas in Eastern Europe (beside Russia) were taken over by the Mongols? | Anatolia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, etc. | 30 | |
| 2029150742 | 2. Who were the Teutonic Knights? What marked the end of the northern crusades? What do the events of the TK have to do with the Mongols? | Christian knights who wanted to Christianize population; crusades ended when knights were destroyed; allied with Finnish to fight against Mongols and Nevskii | 31 | |
| 2029150743 | 3. About 50 years after the Mongols began conquering various areas, who else might have been part of the Mongol army? | Turks, Chinese, Iranians, Europeans | 32 | |
| 2029150744 | 4. What did Europeans learn from the Mongols? | diplomatic passports, coal mining, movable type, metallurgy, math, gunpowder, bronze cannon | 33 | |
| 2029150745 | 5. What was King Stephen's contribution to empire building during this time period? | effective leader of Serbia → turned Serbia into an independent patriarch | 34 | |
| 2029150746 | 6. What group established the Ottoman Empire? | Turkish nomads' descendants in Anatolia | 35 | |
| 2029150747 | 7. What groups became more powerful as the Mongol leadership deteriorated? | Ottoman sultans, and rulers of Lithuania and Serbia | 36 | |
| 2029150748 | 1. What benefits did China experience under Mongol rule? | secure trade routes, exchange of efforts, transmission of goods and skills | 37 | |
| 2029150749 | 2. How did the Mongols integrate Confucian philosophy? Buddhism? | used Confucian conventions and ideas; Buddhist lamas were encouraged | 38 | |
| 2029150750 | 3. Describe Beijing during the Yuan Empire. | center of economy and culture; end of all trade routes, lots of character | 39 | |
| 2029150751 | 4. How did social status change in China with the rule of the Mongols? Political organization? | Chinese were at the bottom of the hierarchy; looked up at merchants and doctors divided into provinces with central governors; stressed tax collecting and the census | 40 | |
| 2029150752 | 5. What cities and what groups of people thrived during the Yuan Empire? | merchants thrived; centers of commerce thrived | 41 | |
| 2029150753 | 6. Economically, why was the Yuan empire a bit of a mess? | decline in agricultural productivity → depletion → paper money → fail → copper → shortage → copper more valuable than gold... | 42 | |
| 2029150754 | 7. According to the text, did the Mongol rule of China lead to great benefits or more hardships? | good for elite in cities; bad for people in countryside | 43 | |
| 2029150755 | 8. When and what contributed to the fall of the Yuan Empire? | 1368: plague, infanticide, floods, refugees, population shrunk 40% | 44 | |
| 2029150756 | 1. How did the Ming Empire come into power after the Yuan Empire? | Hongwu took out rivals and established Ming empire-- moved capital to Nanjing | 45 | |
| 2029150757 | 2. What contributions did Yongle make as emperor? | returned capital back to Beijing, improved Forbidden city, explored maritime connections | 46 | |
| 2029150758 | 3. What were the accomplishments of Zheng He? (This was a really big deal!) | went on naval expeditions, was Muslim → easy to travel to Muslim places, collected taxes, added fifty new tributary states | 47 | |
| 2029150759 | 4. What changes occurred during the Ming Empire in regards to technology, agriculture, and population growth? | government limited mining → decline in bronze and steel for weaponry and tools; few technological advanced (seafaring, printing, etc.), no new agricultural technology | 48 | |
| 2029150760 | 5. List and briefly explain 3 achievements during the Ming Empire. | wrote novels, porcelain = great luxury item, gunpowder | 49 | |
| 2029150761 | 1. How did the Mongols take over Korea? | attacked and in 1258 after 20 years killed Koryo commander → Koryo kings surrendered | 50 | |
| 2029150762 | 2. How did Korean leadership adapt to Mongol rule? (be able to give examples) | were mostly Mongol descent, adopted Mongol dress, culture, language, etc. | 51 | |
| 2029150763 | 3. Since Korea was now less isolated, what changes occurred in Korea? | cotton → cash crop; scholar opportunities, falconry and grazing, military garrison techniques | 52 | |
| 2029150764 | 4. How was Korean printing different from Chinese woodblock print? | more illiterate → few texts and were hard to read | 53 | |
| 2029150765 | 5. What changes did cotton bring to Korea? | accepted as tax payment; used in uniforms, elite fabric, girls spun and wove it | 54 | |
| 2029150766 | 6. How did Korean's use gunpowder? | mounted cannon ships against pirates → formidable defensive force | 55 | |
| 2029150767 | 1. Why couldn't the Mongols conquer Japan? | tried several times, ultimately coastal defenses and kamikaze drove them back/sunk them | 56 | |
| 2029150768 | 2. Why did the Japanese make changes during this time period? What were they? How did they affect Japanese economy, military and political unity? | made changes in prep for Mongol attack (built coastal defenses, developed national and military infrastructure, etc.), unified Japan against Mongols | 57 | |
| 2029150769 | 3. What were the technological and artistic innovations during this time? | Zen Buddhism introduced, water wheels, plows, Champa rice, market towns, religious institutions, schools, performances, landscape art | 58 | |
| 2029150770 | 4. Did the Mongol domination in a large portion of the world, hurt or help the Japan? | fall of Yuan → resumed overseas trade, lots of commerce, sometimes piracy | 59 | |
| 2029150771 | 1. What was the relationship between Annam and Champa? | Annam and Champa = 2 parts of Vietnam; influenced by China and India (respectively), fall of Yuan → fought with each other → ultimately Annam beat Champa | 60 | |
| 2029150772 | 2. How does Vietnam (what was still called Annam) emerge? | beat Champa in civil war → Confucian bureaucratic state with exam system and legal code | 61 |