Learning Flashcards

148913900	learning	relatively permanent change in organism's behavior due to experience.	0
148913901	associative learning	learning that events occur together. Events may be 2 stimuli (classical conditioning) or response and consequences (operant conditioning).	1
148913902	classical conditioning	type of learning in which organism comes to associate stimuli.	2
148913903	behaviorism	Approach that says psychology (1) should be an objective science & (2) study behavior without reference to mental processes.	3
148913904	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).	4
148913905	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a learned involuntary reaction.	5
148913906	unconditioned response (UCR)	in classical conditioning, unlearned, naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	6
148913907	unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	in classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally and automatically—triggers a response.	7
148913908	acquisition	in classical conditioning; associating neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the NS becomes a CS and produces a CR; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	8
148913909	extinction	diminishing of conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an UCS does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	9
148913910	spontaneous recovery	reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.	10
148913911	discrimination	in classical conditioning, learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS.	11
148913912	generalization	tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.	12
148913913	operant conditioning	learning associated with Skinner in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a positive reinforcer or diminished if followed by an aversive stimulus. Response is always voluntary.	13
148913915	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.	14
148913916	Skinner box	chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.	15
148913917	shaping	operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior.	16
148913918	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli, such as shock	17
148913919	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by adding a desired stimuli, such as food	18
148913920	reinforcement	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens behavior it follows.	19
148913921	secondary reinforcer	stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (e.g., money)	20
148913922	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing desired response every time it occurs.	21
148913923	primary reinforcer	innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (e.g., food)	22
148913924	fixed-ratio schedule	reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses or behaviors	23
148913925	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.	24
148913926	fixed-interval schedule	reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.	25
148913927	punishment	any event that decreases behavior it follows.	26
148913928	variable-interval schedule	reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.	27
148913929	variable-ratio schedule	reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.	28
148913930	cognitive map	mental representation of layout of one's environment.	29
148913931	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Associated with EC Tolman	30
148913932	extrinsic motivation	desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.	31
148913933	intrinsic motivation	desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.	32
148913934	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.; may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	33
148913935	modeling	process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.	34
148913936	observational learning	learning by observing others	35
148913937	Ivan Pavlov	Russian researcher associated (!) with classical conditioning	36
148913939	aversion therapy	behavioral therapy that works by replacing one bond with another but this time adding something nasty. (Ex. To stop smoking add something to cigarettes that induces vomiting.)	37
148913940	taste aversion	learned avoidance of a particular food	38
148913941	Garcia and Koelling	researchers who did major studies on classical conditioning and taste aversions (rats)	39
148913942	Edward Thorndike	Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in instrumental learning such as law of effect. Known for work with cats in puzzle boxes.	40
148913943	BF Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments; used boxes to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats.	41
148913944	positive punishment	following undesired response by adding an aversive stimulus to decrease likelihood of the behavior reoccurring (e.g., paying a fine)	42
148913945	negative punishment	following undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus and reduces likelihood of behavior reoccurring. (e.g. time out, grounding)	43
148913946	chaining	reinforcing different learned behaviors in a sequence	44
148913947	modeling	term coined by Bandura on how we learn by imitating others. His research: children will spontaneously imitate the behavior of a model without any obvious reinforcement.	45
148913948	Albert Bandura	famous for work in observational or social learning including famous Bobo doll experiment	46
148913949	Little Albert	Subject used by John Watson to test classical conditioning on humans; made fearful of white rabbit	47
148913950	preparedness	evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others due to their survival value	48
342319472	John B. Watson	American psychologist who founded behaviorism; classically conditioned Little Albert in order to demonstrate that emotions can be learned	49
342321402	Robert Rescorla	he proposed that there is a cognitive connection between the CS and UCS in classical conditioning (a smoker is aware that a nausea-producing drug will affect his behavior)	50
342321867	immediate reinforcer	A reinforcer that occurs right after a behavior (Ex. rat gets a food pellet for a bar press; student gets sticker if does well on test)	51
342321868	delayed reinforcer	reinforcer that is delayed a certain amount of time (ex. receiving a paycheck at the end of work week)	52
342322219	Bobo doll	used to show aggressive behavior can be imitated by children in an experiment by Bandura	53